July 1 the International Criminal Court comes into effect. This weeks feature article describes how the ICC came into being and what it can accomplish. News highlights begin with the G8 meeting with NEPAD and end with the latest events in Sri Lanka.

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CONTENTS:

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK:

1. Africa
2. Americas
3. Asia Pacific
4. Europe
5. Middle East
6. South Asia
7. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare
8. Finance
9. Human Rights
10 Law and Legal Issues
11. Narco-terrorism
12. Transportation
13. Weapons of Mass Destruction
14. Recently Published

FEATURE ARTICLE:
The International Criminal Court

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

1. Africa

Key African leaders representing the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) joined the leaders of the richest industrialized nations of the world in the G8 meeting. The African leaders promised better governance in exchange for aid, improvements in trade, and help with security. Priorities agreed include development of a peacekeeping force in Africa, eliminating polio by 2005, tackling trade barriers and farm subsidies by 2005, reducing debt, and providing new aid and development programs.

In Algeria, 13 were killed in an attack by suspected Islamic militants (possibly from the Armed Islamic Group [GIA]) on a bus.

After a one week delay (after the voting had started, because the ballots hadnt finished printing) and protests that followed it, parliamentary and municipal elections are under way in Cameroon.
Congo Brazzavilles second round of parliamentary elections passed off without incident, helped by the tight security.

The UN continues its investigation of the alleged massacre by the Rwandan-backed Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) rebel group in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), even while opposition leader Etienne Tshisekedi of the Union for democracy and Social Progress (UDPS) meets with RCD. South African President Mbeki will be meeting with DRC President Kabila to see if he can re-engage the peace process.

Fighting between the Ethiopian army and the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) has broken out near the Sudanese border.

After a 2-year delay, parliamentary elections are taking place in Guinea, with a low turnout reflecting a continued lack of democratic rights and an opposition boycott.

In Ivory Coast, clashes between the government and opposition supporters have killed at least three after simmering ethnic tensions were sparked by an election rally.

The US has become the first country to formally recognize Marc Ravalomanana as President of Madagascar. Some $80 million in assets that were frozen will be freed within the next two weeks.

In Morocco, three more people have been arrested in connection with al Qaeda, making a total of ten connected to an alleged plot to blow up ships.

In Nigeria, a man has been sentenced to death by stoning for adultery, a verdict likely to reopen the question of Sharia law. There have been a number of violent political protests in Nigeria, injuring hundreds. Some of the protests are the result of only 3 new parties to register for the forthcoming elections, while 21 have been excluded.

In Rwanda, there have been protests against the slow progress of the International Criminal Tribunal and apparent government non-cooperation. Local village courts (Gacaca) have been established to help clear the backlog. The "hate radio" trial of Radio Tele Libre Mille Collines begins on Monday, accused of inciting genocide.

(NOTE: In last weeks report on Rwanda we announced articles on the International Criminal Court and "and the individual tribunals it is replacing". In fact, the individual tribunals are completely separate from the ICC and are not subsumed by it. For a detailed description, read the feature article below.)

Senegals army is planning an offensive against the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) separatist rebels.

The Sudanese government and the rebel Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) are conducting peace talks in Kenya. They are also engaged in buying new weapons. Government forces bombed a town in the south, killing four.

Lords Resistance Army rebels in Uganda continue their campaign of violence. Last week they abducted at least 24 and killed at least 10.

In Zimbabwe, political violence is taking priority over food, as white farmers have been ordered to stop growing food and vacate their lands immediately, despite the drastic food shortages. The police have said they will not immediately enforce this declaration.

2. Americas

The economic crisis in Argentina has pushed millions into poverty and hunger is on the rise. Violent protests have taken place among unemployed workers. Police killed two of the protesters.

Presidential elections in Bolivia are likely to indicate strong support for indigenous leaders and their radical populist politics that include favoring cultivation of the traditional coca crop.

Canada hosted the G8 meeting in a remote mountain village west of Calgary with heavy security. Despite distractions, Canadian Prime Minister Chretien was able to lead discussions with the African development group NEPAD. The G8 leaders all refused to support US President Bush's demand for Palestinian leader Yasser Arafats replacement as a precondition for any other steps towards a Palestinian state or any other measures.

Following the mass resignation of mayors who have been repeatedly targeted by Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC) rebels, the Colombian government has offered them bodyguards and bulletproof vests. The FARC told the mayors to resign or face death. Most of them have withdrawn their resignations and will stay in office. The priest Hilario Arango was gunned down in front of church. President Pastrana has announced $2 million rewards for information leading to the capture of the leading commanders, and $1 million for battalion leaders.

Following the successful referendum, Cubas parliament has voted to amend the constitution to make socialism irrevocable.

US President Bush continues to press new doctrinal ground by continuing to develop a policy of preemptive attacks and by adopting Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharons Middle Eastern policies as his own.

There have been more vague terrorist threats, most recently with warnings that there could be risks around the July 4 holiday. However, highly credible threats seem to be associated with possible cyberterrorist attacks, indicated by usage patterns from the Middle East and South Asia.

Congressional hearings regarding security lapses and development of the homeland security plan proceed apace.

In Venezuela more than 100,000 demonstrators gathered from across the country to show for President Hugo Chavez, countering the middle class protests that were repeated earlier.

3. Asia Pacific

Thirty-five asylum seekers detained at the Woomera camp in Australia escaped with help from an outside pro-refugee group, concerned over the conditions under which the immigrants have been held. More than half of the escapees have been found.

China has allowed the 26 North Korean refugees that sheltered in foreign embassies to leave for South Korea. In southern China, thousands of factory workers have rioted in three days of severe labor unrest that has injured dozens

In East Timor, Joao da Silva Tavares, a militia leader responsible for violence in the 1999 attacks, wants to return with his followers who have been in refugee camps in the west of the island. There is some concern over how to re-integrate the former militiamen into society

Eurico Guterres, leader of a pro-Indonesian militia, has gone on trial in Jakarta for his role in crimes against humanity undertaken in East Timor in 1999.

In Japan, the home affairs minister of the Aum Shrinrikyo cult, Tomomitsu Niimi, has been found guilty of murder and attempted murder for several cases, including the 1995 sarin gas attack. He has been sentenced to death.

In Kyrgyzstan, the Chinese consul was killed by gunmen, suspected of being Muslim Uighur separatists.

The news in Malaysia this week was dominated by the news that long-serving Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad will step down in October 2003, after more than 20 years in power, and will be replaced by his deputy, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.

The 18 Rohingya ethnic minority Burmese who had asked for asylum in the UN refugee agency in Malaysia have been turned over to authorities.

Malaysian opposition leader of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, Fadzil Noor, has died. Mr. Fadzil was a moderate Muslim, It is not clear who will take his place in the party.

Philippine troops have launched a major assault against the Abu Sayyaf. The search for the body of Abu Sabaya, possibly killed last week, has been called off. The informant who helped find his whereabouts has been given a reward of $100,000.

North Korea and South Korea have clashed at the naval border, killing at least four, in the latest incident to cast a shadow over attempts at reconciliation.

4. Europe

The European Union finished its meeting in Seville agreeing basic measures to integrate border police and combat crime

A Belgian court has ruled that Ariel Sharon cannot be tried for his role in the Sabra and Chatila refugee camp massacres in Lebanon in 1982 because he is not in Belgium. The decision is being appealed.

The Mont Blanc tunnel between France and Italy reopened to heavy goods and was shortly thereafter blocked by environmental protesters.

There is concern in Germany over possible bomb attacks during the forthcoming Love Parade in Berlin.

Russia has rejected an offer of peace talks made by Chechen rebel leader Aslan Maskhadov. The Russian parliament has approved a controversial bill that bans extremist organizations. Eight men have been arrested for their alleged roles in the Dagestan bomb attack.

The Basque separatist group ETA carried out five separate bomb attacks last weekend. Their tourist targets seem to be ignoring the risks. Parliament continues its steps towards banning the Batasuna party, the political wing of ETA.

Britain has agreed to pay half the cost of a new double fence to be built around the French rail terminal in Sangette. Asylum continues to be a controversial topic. The government is considering housing refugees on offshore barges.

The situation in Northern Ireland is deteriorating. More rioting, bomb attacks and other missiles have been used. Police investigations have found indications that the IRA may still be active, including a purported list of targets. These events have put enormous pressure on the peace process.

5. Middle East

Across the Middle East, US President Bushs insistence on Palestinian leader Yasser Arafats removal and a US-style government established before anything else can proceed was met with anger and derision, but friendly governments pointed to the tacit acknowledgement of a Palestinian state as a positive sign.

The US whole-hearted adoption of Ariel Sharons position and the continued military activities of Israel against the Palestinians, have put the governments of Egypt and Jordan under serious internal pressures. They have focused on the future Palestinian state, rather than the attacks on Arafat.

In the occupied Gaza Strip, military strikes by Israel have killed six. Yasser Rizek, a leading member of Hamas, was one of the dead. Hamas spiritual leader Sheikh Yassin, has been placed under house arrest. Ariel Sharon said this was merely the beginning of a massive military operation against militants in Gaza.

The US continues plans for an attack on Iraq. They are working with Kurdish groups and dissidents to try to coordinate opposition forces.

Iraq has registered its protest in the United Nations against alleged ceasefire violations by Iran.

With no opposition voiced from the US, Israel has launched all-out offenses against the Palestinians by reoccupying the Gaza Strip and West Bank, instituting military occupation and curfews, and conducting widespread military operations. They have also launched a defensive posture, by beginning the construction of an electronic security fence around the area of Jerusalem near the West Bank and removing unauthorized Jewish settlements in the West bank that it feels it wouldnt be able to adequately defend.

Shortly after Bushs speech, Israel laid siege yet again to Yassir Arafats headquarters and swept across the West Bank, reoccupying Ramallah and six other cities. In the Palestinian Authority municipal compound, suspected of holding 15 militants, Israeli forces bombed their way in. The bodies, if there, have not been found. Arafat has denounced the military actions, announced elections for next January, and said that the Palestinian people, not George Bush, would determine their own government. Last night an Israeli attack against a house in Nablus killed three suspected Hamas members, including the 26-year-old Muhaned Taher, who was at the top of Israels most wanted list.

6. South Asia

Afghanistan has its interim government in place to govern until elections in 18 months. The US has taken over all combat duties now that British troops have withdrawn and Turkish peacekeepers are arriving. There is much pressure to extend security forces beyond Kabul, particularly in the face of continued fighting between warlords.

Separatists in Assam, India have kidnapped five businessmen. In Jharkhand state, 11 were injured when a bomb, possibly from communist rebels, exploded on a train.

Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee has said there is no possibility whatsoever of war with Pakistan.
Kashmirs ruling party, the National Conference, has a new leader. Omar Abdullah has taken over the presidency from his father.

Kashmiri militant group Hizbul Mujahideen carried out a mine attack that killed three soldiers. Other militants launched a grenade attack and in another case, a gun battle killed three suspected militants, and yet another incident killed 19.

India has offered to help Nepal track down Maoist rebels, particularly those sheltering in Indian areas.

Pakistan has identified the group that carried out the Karachi car bombing on June 14 as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and has released photographs, of the eleven suspects along with offers of rewards for help intheir capture. The crackdown on militant groups goes on, with dozens more arrests.

Ten Pakistani soldiers have been killed in a battle with suspected al Qaeda fighters. The hunt for suspects continues. Pakistanis have questioned the value of helping the US in this fight, considering the seeming lack of reciprocity.

131 Pakistanis living in the US were deported to Pakistan. They had been detained following the September 11 attacks and complained of inhumane treatment, violation of human rights, and prejudice. Their treatment has not been well received in Pakistan, after its integral aid in the "war on terrorism".

In eastern Sri Lanka, ethnic violence left behind five dead, 50 wounded, and a strict curfew. The leader of the Sri Lankan Muslim Conference has warned this could derail the peace process, a charge denied by the Sri Lankan government, but they have still not worked out an agenda for the upcoming peace talks.

7. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare

This weeks most credible warnings of terrorist attacks in the US came in the form of potential cyberterrorist attacks. These threats are indicated by usage patterns originating in the Middle East and South Asia.

The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has released a report on software quality that finds that bugs are so prevalent they cost the US economy an estimated $59.5 billion each year, about .6 percent of the gross domestic product.

Microsoft has launched the Palladium project to create a virtual vault inside the Windows operating system that would control all aspects of security, privacy, and intellectual property.

The UKs National Hi-Tech Crime Unit (NHTCU) has said that technical managers could become victims of kidnappings and other attacks, as bank managers have been in the past.

8. Finance

The US Treasury department has issued new rules requiring securities brokers and dealers to file activity reports for any questionable transaction greater than $5,000

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has told Dominica, Grenada and St Vincent they must meet criteria for curbing money laundering before its next review of uncooperative nations in October.

The case against seven people accused of sending charitable donations to Iranian military group, the Peoples Mujahedeen, has been dismissed. The judge ruled that the 1996 law to classify foreign groups as terrorist organizations is unconstitutional and cannot be used as the basis for criminal charges. Should this ruling stand, it would have a significant impact on other pending cases, including that of John Walker Lindh.

Mohamad Hamoud, a Lebanese immigrant living in North Carolina, has been convicted of smuggling cigarettes and sending the profits to Hezbollah.

9. Human Rights

A Belgian court has ruled that Ariel Sharon cannot be tried for his role in the Sabra and Chatila refugee camp massacres in Lebanon in 1982 because he is not in Belgium. The decision is being appealed.

The US has used its Security Council veto to protest the International Criminal Court by vetoing renewal of the Bosnian peacekeeping force. They have refused to apply for specific country exemption as provided for by the ICC, instead asking for a blanket exemption that no one is willing to concede. Forces in Bosnia will be temporarily renewed as the discussions continue.

In the US, detention without charge continues. 131 Pakistanis living in the US were deported to Pakistan. They had been detained following the September 11 attacks and complained of inhumane treatment, violation of human rights, and prejudice. In US detention center at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, a Saudi Arabian delegation is being given access to see 100 of its nationals who have been held without charges on suspicion of connections to al Qaeda. The families of twelve Kuwaitis held in Guantanamo have filed suit asking to meet with the prisoners and understand what the charges are against them. The US continues to argue that deportation hearings must be closed or risk national security. While this is being argued, the Supreme Court allowed a stay that would continue the secret hearings as the issue is being reviewed.

10. Law and Legal Issues

Saleh Ali Almari has been arrested for conspiracy and fraud in connection with falsifying English-language proficiency tests and alleged connections to terrorist activities.

Jose Garcia and Carlos Vides Casanova, retired El Salvadoran generals, are on trial for alleged torture during El Salvadors civil war, following a lawsuit by three Salvadoran torture survivors.
Eurico Guterres, leader of a pro-Indonesian militia, has gone on trial in Jakarta for his role in crimes against humanity undertaken in East Timor in 1999.

Lawyers for Yaser Esam Hamdi are arguing in appellate court that he as an American citizen should be represented by a lawyer and not held without charge.

The different treatment accorded Hamdi, Padilla, Lindh, Moussaoui and others has raised general concerns over public policies, unequal treatment, and international law.

A Lehman Brothers broker, Consuelo Marquez, is standing trial in New York for money laundering on behalf of the Mexican drug lord Mario Villanueva.

As of June 28, Slodosan Milosevic was in detention in The Hague for one year. His trial goes on, but Serbian supporters demonstrated in his favor on the anniversary.

The judge in Zacarias Moussaouis trial in the "20th hijacker" case, has entered a not guilty plea on his behalf.

Tomomitsu Niimi, the home affairs minister of the Aum Shrinrikyo cult in Japan, has been found guilty of murder and attempted murder for several cases, including the 1995 sarin gas attack and has been sentenced to death.

Rashid Ramda, a member of the Armed Islamic Group (GIA) has succeeded in his appeal against extradition to France on charges he was involved in the 1995 Paris subway bombings.

Ramsi al-Shannaq has been arrested and charged with overstaying his visa. He is thought to have roomed with two of the September 11 hijackers.

Adel Tobbichi (a.k.a Amine Mezbar, Mathieu Miljadi Prajasamita and J/P.D. Straebler), has been extradited from Canada to the Netherlands, where he is charged in a plot to blow up the US embassy in Paris.

11. Narco-Terrorism

Afghanistan has banned poppy growing, is encouraging alternate crops, planted late, and is experiencing a drought. But despite these fallbacks and a reduction in the crop, it could still produce some 2,700 tons of opium.

Burma and Thailand have burned more than $1 billion worth of narcotics, making a significant anti-drug-trade statement. There is still tension between the two countries over the drugs trade due to the involvement of the United Wa State Army (UWSA), a militia group at the border that is heavily involved in trafficking that has previously been supported by the Burmese government.

A Lehman Brothers broker, Consuelo Marquez, is standing trial in New York for money laundering on behalf of the Mexican drug lord Mario Villanueva.

12. Transportation

US customs officials will be stationed at Rotterdam and Antwerp as part of the container security initiative. These join ports in Canada and Singapore that have already begun prescreening of containers.

In another maritime security initiative, the US Coast Guard is investing $17 billion in new equipment.

13. Weapons of Mass Destruction

The G8 meeting has agreed to a $20 billion plan to eliminate Russias stocks of weapons-grade plutonium. They hope this will help to deny access to weapons by terrorist groups.

The US has refined its anthrax vaccination plans. They are restricting military doses to those at highest risk and also stockpiling supplies for civilian use in case of an emergency.

14. Recently Published

Cohen, David. "On Rebel Territory: Hunkered down in an offshore fun platform that they claim is beyond the reach of the law, a bunch of Internet activists has built a profitable business peddling online freedom." New Scientist, June 22, 2002

Cohen, Eliot A., Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen and Leadership in Wartime. Free Press.

Falcoff, Mark. The Cuban Revolution and the United States: A History in Documents 1958-1960. US Cuba Relations Press.

Gellman, Barton. "Cyber-Attacks by Al Qaeda Feared". In the Washington Post, June 27, 2002.

Kramer, Jane. Lone Patriot: The Short Career of an American Militiaman. Pantheon Books.

Krueger, Alan B. and Jitka Maleckova. "The Economics and the Education of Suicide Bombers. Does Poverty Cause Terrorism?" in The New republic Online, issued June 24, 2002.

Pearl, Daniel. Edited by Helene Cooper. At Home in the World: Collected Writings from the Wall Street Journal. Simon and Schuster/Wall Street Journal.

Ratnesar, Romesh. "Osama Bin Laden: Dead Or Alive? The trail of the al-Qaeda leader has grown cold, but the White House believes he has survived the war. Heres why bin Laden is so hard to pin down". Time, July 1, 2002

Rubin, Elizabeth. "The Most Wanted Palestinian: Qeis Adwan started as a stone-throwing child in the first intifada and ended up as Israels public enemy No. 1" in The New York Times Magazine, June 30, 2002.

Sweig, Julia E., Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground. Harvard University Press

FEATURE ARTICLE:

The International Criminal Court

The end of the Second World War marked the first international recognition that an international court was needed to try atrocities of such scale and scope that they affected the entire world.

After the Nuremberg and Tokyo war crimes trials were held to prosecute the war criminals of World War II, it would be 50 years before other international tribunals were established to prosecute war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. In 1993 and 1994, the UN Security Council created the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda to bring the principal perpetrators of these crimes to justice for atrocities committed in the Balkan conflicts and during the genocide in Rwanda.

In 1998, delegates from some 150 states met in Rome to adopt a Statute for a permanent International Criminal Court (ICC), to have jurisdiction over the most serious crimes that were deemed to constitute a threat to international peace and security, including extermination, torture, rape, sexual slavery, apartheid, and enforced disappearances.

A permanent international criminal court provides unique benefits and greater consistency and stability than ad hoc tribunals. The UN notes that such a permanent court is necessary to: achieve justice for all, to end impunity, to help end conflicts, to remedy the deficiencies of the ad hoc tribunals, to take over when national criminal justice institutions are unable or unwilling to act, and to deter future war criminals.

The treaty is triggered after ratification by 60 member countries, which occurred in April of this year. It formally takes effect on July 1, 2002 and will be located in The Hague, The Netherlands.

The ICC will try persons accused of individual or superior responsibility for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, and eventually aggression, if committed after the Statute takes effect on July 1. The UN defines these crimes as follows:

"Genocide is defined as a list of prohibited acts, such as killing or causing serious harm, committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.

As set out in the Statute, crimes against humanity include crimes such as the extermination of civilians, enslavement, torture, rape, forced pregnancy, persecution on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious or gender grounds, and enforced disappearances -- but only when they are part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population. . . .

War crimes include grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and other serious violations of the laws and customs that can be applied in international armed conflict, and in armed conflict 'not of an international character', as listed in the Statute, when they are committed as part of a plan or policy or on a large scale.
(United Nations International Criminal Court Fact Sheet)

The Courts jurisdiction is limited and there are a number of mechanisms and safeguards built into the Statute to prevent frivolous or politically motivated prosecutions. The Court can exercise jurisdiction only when at least one of the following conditions is satisfied: a State Party is involved; the accused is a national of or the crime is committed on the territory of a State Party; a non-State Party accepts the jurisdiction of the Court for a specified crime committed within its territory or by its national; or the Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of its Charter, refers a situation to the Prosecutor.

In addition, the Prosecutor may only act under the conditions: 1) when a State Party refers a situation to him or her; 2) when the Security Council refers a situation to him or her; or 3) when, upon receiving information (including from an NGO) that a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court has been committed, and after complying with Statutory protections (such as first receiving permission to proceed from a panel of three Judges after submitting preliminary evidence to the panel), the Prosecutor decides on his or her own authority to initiate an investigation.

Furthermore, the ICC is a court of last resort. It is based on a principle of complementarity, which means national courts have primacy. It may only take a case when national courts are unable or unwilling to genuinely investigate or prosecute a crime within the jurisdiction of the court. Nor may it prosecute crimes committed prior to the time the Court came into effect. Prosecution of international narcotics crimes and terrorism are also not included in the current jurisdiction, unless the UN Security Council brings them to the attention of the ICC or if the charter is later amended to include them.

China, Russia, and the United States have not ratified the treaty. The US went so far as to make the symbolic gesture of "unsigning" the treaty that had been signed by President Clinton, though never ratified. So whose company do they keep? Lets have a look:

Signed, then "unsigned," and not ratified:
United States

Neither signed nor ratified:
China, Russia, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Brunei Darassalam, Cuba, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Grenada, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Lao, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Micronesia, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Rwanda, St Kitts and Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam

Signed but not yet ratified:
Albania, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Australia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkino Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo Brazzaville, Cote dIvoire, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Eritrea, Gambia, Georgia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malawi, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Oman, Philippines, Russia, St Lucia, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Ratified:
Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Dominica,, Ecuador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom, Venezuela, Yugoslavia

Next week, watch for guest author Dr. Kelly Askins article. Dr. Askin is a legal consultant to the UN and other world agencies in the areas of international humanitarian and criminal law and is a visiting fellow to Harvard Universitys Carr Center for Human Rights Policy of the John F. Kennedy School of Government.

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