Recent events indicate that terrorist incidents, both well-organized and opportunistic are reaching new highs. From the careful planning of the shipping attack in Yemen and indications of the reemergence of al Qaeda to the random shootings in suburban areas around Washington D.C., the range and variety of these attacks reinforce the unsettled times in which we live.

The series on practical measures to combat terrorism seems very timely. This week focuses on terrorism threat analysis. It discusses the nature of asymmetric threats and how to adapt to them and will serve as background to next week’s topic on terrorism incident response.

CONTENTS:

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK:

1. World
2. Africa
3. Americas
4. Asia Pacific
5. Europe
6. Middle East
7. South Asia
8. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare
9. Finance
10 Human Rights
11. Law and Legal Issues
12. Narco-terrorism
13. Transportation
14. Weapons of Mass Destruction
15. Recently Published

FEATURE ARTICLE:
Terrorism Threat Analysis

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

1. World

Former US President Jimmy Carter has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Congratulations to Mr. Carter for this well deserved and long-overdue award.

The United Nations (UN) Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria estimates the cost of fighting the AIDS pandemic rapidly increasing to $15 billion by 2007. The agency has decided to allow poor countries to buy generic AIDS drugs as long as they are of suitable quality. But their good intentions cannot be fulfilled until international donors provide their promised funding. Without payment of the promised pledges, the fund faces bankruptcy in four months. One drastic decrease has been in donations of condoms that are desperately needed to help prevent the spread of infection.

With both houses of the US Congress approving President Bush’s request for authorization of military force against Iraq, negotiations at the UN continue. The Security Council is considering new resolutions to help enforce disarmament, and the return of weapons inspector has been put on hold until this discussion is completed. It will not be an easy task. Information that was revealed by the CIA during the US congressional debate indicated there is no imminent threat from Iraq but Iraq would offer a drastic response to an attack. President Bush has softened his rhetoric to discuss disarmament rather than regime change.

2. Africa

Algeria’s municipal elections ended with rioting in the Berber regions, wounding several. The governing National Liberation Front (FLN) is likely to win most of the votes in another low turnout.

After nearly ten years of civil war in Burundi, African heads of state from Tanzania, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda have met with the ruling government and agreed to give the two largest rebel groups 30 days to agree a ceasefire or face unspecified action.

Cameroon has been judged the owner of the oil-rich Bakassi peninsula, long disputed with neighboring Nigeria. Nigeria was given part of the disputed Lake Chad region, and has asked for calm in face of the negative decision about Bakassi.

In Congo Brazzaville an attack killed six. The government insists that Ninja rebels were responsible, but others blame government soldiers -- who have been involved in looting.

Democratic Republic of Congo has reached a preliminary agreement with the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) regarding a ceasefire and participation in the government. RCD’s principal backers were the Rwandan army that has now completed its withdrawal.

Debate in Kenya, sometimes accompanied with violent protests, continues over the succession that will follow President Daniel arap Moi’s forthcoming end of office.

The rebellion in Ivory Coast is strengthening, and beginning to lead to human rights violations including attacks directed against Burkinabe immigrants from West Africa. Hopes for a truce have died amid fierce fighting between the government and rebels.

The imprisoned rebel leader Foday Sankoh who led the Revolutionary United Front in its battle against the government of Sierra Leone and its civilian supporters has suffered a mild stroke.

Peace talks scheduled in Somalia for next week are being boycotted by several warlords who say the talks do not represent all ethnic and regional factions.

Sudan has allowed the resumption of aid flights to the south, even while fighting continues. Peace talks are scheduled to resume in Kenya on Monday. The US Congress has passed a bill that will lead to sanctions if the government fails to make progress.

3. Americas

Amnesty International has published a report on indigenous Americans that demonstrates their poverty and how they have been marginalized; often subject to racism, discrimination, and violence including torture and murder. Their report is available onilne at http://www.amnesty.org

A small bomb went off in a McDonald’s restaurant in Chile but there were no injuries.

In Colombia, regional commander of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), Jose Arroyave, has been killed with six others in an army offensive.

Mexico City has hired former mayor of New York City, Rudolph Giuliani, to help reduce their high crime rates.

Peru has dismissed two prosecutors who had been investigating former intelligence chief Vladimiro Montesinos in connection with the investigation into Swiss bank payments by former president Alberto Fujimori. The terrorism prosecutor was also dismissed. No reasons for the dismissals were given.

In the US, anti-war protesters rallied against the proposed war in Iraq. Tens of thousands rallied in each of more than 25 events. Campus protest movements are also beginning to pick up. Public opinion shows support for action against Iraq only as part of a coalition and that economic concerns are more dominant than those of security. This data didn’t stop both houses of Congress from giving authority to President Bush to use force against Iraq.

The US Congress has continued its investigation into intelligence failures. Efforts to establish an independent commission are meeting resistance from the White House.

A panel of scientists has warned Congress that new travel rules and proposed rules regarding information security and to limit foreign students from conducting unclassified research will seriously disrupt research, education and productivity.

The suburbs of Washington DC have been victimized by a sniper who has killed eight so far. Information regarding the attacks is limited. Although the motive is unknown, the effect has been to terrorize the population.

In Venezuela, hundreds of thousands of anti-government protesters have gone to the streets again to ask for President Chavez to step down and hold fresh elections. He has refused. This dangerous stalemate could lead to civil war, and given the geographic proximity to countries with established terrorist groups, could lead to widespread instability.

Add to this the collapse of the Argentine economy, and watch the mixture rumble closer to a widespread regional explosion.

4. Asia Pacific

Australia is the subject of further inquiries into human rights abuses. The Human Rights Commissioner has asked immigration officials to justify the detention of children seeking asylum.

Burma has released 31 political prisoners, including seven members of Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy.

Indonesian police deny torturing to death the separatist leader Abu Arafah of the Free Aceh Movement. They claim he died from gunshot wounds.

In Bali, a car bomb has killed 190 people, injuring many others. Remains are still being unearthed from the crater left behind after the bomb. Bali had been free of the violence experienced in other Indonesian provinces, but its reputation as a holiday paradise is now wounded. The blast is blamed on Islamic militants.

Five of the Japanese who were abducted by North Korea will return to Japan to visit relatives, but without their children.

More defectors from North Korea have arrived in the south. Meanwhile, the North Korean government has complained of the hard-line and high-handed attitude of the Bush administration in the first talks held between the US and North Korea since North Korea was branded as part of an “axis of evil” by US President Bush.

China and Krygystan have held joint anti-terrorist exercises along their border.

In Malaysia, Princess Leza, the wife of the second in line to the throne, has been found murdered following her kidnapping earlier in the week.

In the Philippines, a bomb in a bus station killed 8 and injured 19. The attack has been attributed to the New People’s Army or the Moro Islamic Liberation Front but both groups have denied involvement.

5. Europe

In Finland a bomb detonated in a shopping mall killed the bomber, a student, and six others, and injured 80. Authorities believe he acted alone. His motive is unknown.

Georgia and Russia have set up joint patrols to help control their common borders and stop cross-border rebel activities. Georgian authorities arrested seven men in connection with the kidnapping of Peter Shaw, a British financial advisor.

An explosive in Grozny, Chechnya, destroyed the 4-story police station, killing 23 and injuring at least 18 more. Rebel attacks and landmines killed 11 Russian soldiers and wounded six.

The Council of Europe’s Committee for the Prevention of Tortore issued a report criticizing the Ukrainian police of torturing prisoners.

The power sharing Stormont executive in Northern Ireland has been indefinitely suspended. Britain has imposed direct rule before for brief times under the Good Friday Agreement, but on this occasion the entire agreement seems under threat. A series of events, including a police raid on the offices of Sinn Fein that uncovered evidence of spy portfolios on security forces and the decision by the Democratic Unionist Party to withdraw from Stormont, have led to a an environment where there is very little trust among the parties.

6. Middle East

Taped communications from Osama bin Laden and Ayman al Zawahiri have been broadcast by the al-Jazeera satellite television channel. Coinciding with a number of attacks this week, they seem to indicate a further revival of al Qaeda.

In the occupied Gaza Strip, Israeli forces continued their incursions to destroy “terrorist infrastructure” and hunt for militants. A helicopter missile attack killed 16 and wounded more than 100, mostly civilians. Incursions later in the week as well as responses to stone-throwing and street fighting led to additional deaths in Gaza and the West Bank.

Following this incursion, Palestinians turned against each other. Hamas leaders killed police colonel Rajah Abu Lehiya. Clashes between Hamas militants, other Palestinians, and the police led to gun battled that killed at least two.

A suicide bomber killed himself and one other, injuring 29, on a bus in Tel Aviv. However the damage would have been worse had the bus driver not detected and restrained the bomber long enough for the area to be largely cleared. Security guards near the US embassy foiled another attempted bomber later in the week.

Gunmen in Kuwait attacked US Marines as they undertook military exercises. One American was killed and one injured, and two gunmen were killed. Kuwait arrested more than 30 people for questioning. They do not believe the attack was connected to al Qaeda, although US authorities believe there may be such a link.

In the occupied West Bank, the Israeli army dismantled two unoccupied illegal settlements and announced plans to dismantle a further 20, including occupied illegal settlements. This coincides with a report prepared by reformist Palestinian Salam Fayyad regarding the impact of settlements on the future of the Palestinians.

The olive harvest in the West Bank and Gaza Strip has dropped by more than 80 percent, primarily as the result of Israeli military actions. Jewish settlers shot and killed one olive picker, and wounded a second.

French experts investigating the oil tanker explosion in Yemen have determined that a boat packed with TNT was the cause of the blast. This attack fits the profile of other al Qaeda attacks against economic targets.

7. South Asia

Afghanistan proudly launched its new currency. But promised foreign aid is still not materializing in sufficient quantity to ensure the government will be successful. Additional mass graves, allegedly victims of the Taliban, have been discovered.

In India, protests over remarks by US preacher Jerry Falwell accusing the Prophet Mohammed of being a terrorist, led to sectarian clashes in which five died. Clashes between Hindus and Muslims continued, resulting in two additional deaths. Kashmiris used a general strike to protest the remarks. Falwell has since apologized.

The dispute between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over water has intensified. The central Indian government is attempting to intervene.

Voting in Indian-administered Kashmir ended as it began, with violence. India angrily accused Pakistan of cross-border terrorism and denied charges that the elections were not free and fair. The chief minister resigned after the surprise defeat of his ruling party, the National Conference.

Nepal’s King Gyanendra names a new prime minister after having dismissed the former PM last week and taking over power himself. A bombing by Maoist rebels killed one, injured eight, and completely destroyed a statue of King Mahendra, father of the current King.

Pakistan held elections that ended in President Musharraf’s party still dominating, but with increased popularity for Islamic parties. These gains will create significant challenges for Musharraf. Charges that the elections were free but not fair were denied by the government.

A conflict between police and Tamil Tigers in eastern Sri Lanka killed seven. A grenade attack in the northeast killed three. In protest at the deaths, a general strike was called in the northeast.

8. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare

The US National Academy of Sciences released their report analyzing polygraph screening and concluding that the tests are so inaccurate they are counterproductive and highly ineffective in screening out security threats.

Bruce Orwall writes about the case of NDS Group and the legal troubles that face them after alleged hacking and piracy. See “Hiring a Hacker Brings Headache to a Security-Card Maker” in The Wall Street Journal, October 9, 2002.

Abraham Abdallah, a dishwasher, pled guilty in US court to one of the largest identity thefts ever attempted, including charges of wire, mail and credit card fraud. Another case of identity theft has been discovered in the UK, where identities of 800 dead children were used to obtain false passports.

Security group mi2g announced hacking attacks in the first week of October were directed largely against the UK, Australia and the US, largely from pro-Islamic groups.

9. Finance

The Tunisian Combat Group/Tunisian Combatant Group/Tunisian Islamic Fighting Group has been added to the list of organizations with alleged links to terrorist financing and whose assets have therefore been frozen.

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has removed Russia from their list of non-compliant countries following Russian reforms to combat money-laundering.

In testimony before the US Senate finance committee, the undersecretary of state for economic affairs confirmed that al Qaeda continues to have sufficient funds from legitimate businesses and charitable contributions to finance their activities. The effort to cut down on a war chest estimated at between $30-$300 million has been largely unsuccessful.

Compliance with US Treasury rules proposed in conjunction with Section 326 of the US Patriot Act that require financial institutions to establish minimum procedures to identify and verify new customers has been delayed until final implementing regulations are issued and in effect. This does not effect the anti-money laundering or terrorist financing obligations.

In the terrorist financing case against Enaam Arnaout of the Benevolence International Foundation, prosecutors are “adopting the kind of racketeering and tax charges used against public enemies from Al Capone to John Gotti”. See Glenn R. Simpson’s article in the Wall Street Journal of October 10. A similar investigation of SAAR Foundation is documented in the Washington Post, “Funding inquiry targets Muslim Group” by Douglas Farah and John Mintz (reprinted in the Boston Globe of October 13).

Switzerland is under pressure by the European Union, that has threatened political reprisals if it does not ease its bank secrecy laws to provide information about accounts that may be used to evade taxes.

Tobacco smuggling as a way to finance terrorist activities in Northern Ireland has drawn calls for the government to take measures to combat it, much as fuel laundering has been reduced.

10. Human Rights

Convicted murder Mohammad Hadi was sentenced to a public hanging in Iran. When the noose was put around his neck he suffered a heart attack. The hanging will now be deferred until he has recovered from the attack.

Unhappy with a proposed European compromise, the US continues to press for a total exemption from the International Criminal Court.

The International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia has indicted General Janko Bobetko on war crimes. The Croatian government has refused to turn him over to the court but says they will work with the tribunal to find a solution.

11. Law and Legal Issues

Abraham Abdallah, a dishwasher, pled guilty in US court to one of the largest identity thefts ever attempted, including charges of wire, mail and credit card fraud. Stolen identities included those of several celebrities.

Mukhtar al-Bakri, Yasein Taher, Faysal Galab, Yahya Goba, Shafal Mosed and Sahim Alwan arrested in Lackawanna New York last month on suspicion of being part of an al Qaeda sleeper cell, have been denied bail. Sahim Alwan was granted bail but he has strict restrictions on his movements, including wearing an electronic tracking device.

Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal was arrested in Malaysia where he had been studying in university. He was wanted by US authorities as part of the alleged al Qaeda cell in Oregon. He turned himself in and will be deported to the US.

General Patricio Campos of Chile has been accused in court of covering up human rights abuses under the Pinochet dictatorship and thereby obstructing justice.

Nikolay V. Dzhonev, arrested for attempting to board a plane carrying box cutters and scissors, has agreed to a plea bargain that requires him to leave the US. The law student used the items at work and had no terrorist intent

Ihab Dafaa, Khaled Minawi and Mohammed Sultan, arrested in Lebanon last month, have confessed to planning to organize al al Qaeda training camp in Lebanon.

Seiicho Endo, a leader of Aum Shrinrikyo responsible for production of the Sarin gas used in the Tokyo subway and Matsumoto attacks, has been sentenced to death for his role in these attacks.

Farah, Douglas and John Mintz, “Funding inquiry targets Muslim Group” Washington Post, reprinted in the Boston Globe, October 13, 2002.

Jean-Jacques Demafouth has been acquitted of conspiracy charges against the ruling government of the Central African Republic. Thirty co-defendants were given sentences of 1-10 years and 48 were freed for lack of evidence.

Vasily Gorshkov and Alexey Ivanov were convicted of computer crimes and fraud. Gorshkov has been sentenced to three years jail and $690,000 damages. Ivanov has not yet been sentenced.

Farj Hassan (a/k/a Hamza the Libyan) was arrested in Italy with four colleagues, all suspected of association with al Qaeda and plotting terrorist attacks.

Abdul Razzak Kurkur has been arrested in India for his suspected role in the train attack in Gujarat in February.

Lieutenant-Colonel Zlatan Mancic and Captain Rade Radojevic and two former soldiers have been convicted of war crimes in Kosovo. This is the first time that a court in Serbia has convicted army personnel for war crimes.

Abdelghani Mzoudi has been arrested in Germany on charges of providing material support to the September 11 hijackers.

Ngoc-Han Nguyen attempted self-immolation to protest a visit by a Vietnamese official. She was found not guilty of terrorism charges but has been found guilty of attempted arson and assault.

12. Narco-terrorism

Colombia’s People’s Defender, the human rights office, has asked that aerial fumigation of coca be stopped. Peasant farmers do not benefit in the massive profits of the smugglers and drug kings, but the spraying damages the environment, adversely affects their health and destroys their already precarious livelihoods.

Guatemala has recalled its ambassador to the US after a Assistant Secretary of State Otto Reich accused President Portillo’s administration of being involved in drug trafficking and corruption.

13. Transportation

The European Commission is scheduled to end the emergency war-risk insurance scheme that means European airlines face huge increased in insurance costs that had been held at bay immediately following the September 11 attacks.

14. Weapons of Mass Destruction

The US Department of Defense has acknowledged the scale of biological and chemical weapons used during Cold War exercises. Details of the tests may be pertinent now that there are renewed threats of WMD, but also serve to warn the veterans who were exposed to these deadly substances of the possible health risks.

Japan is not the only country under scrutiny for leaks at its nuclear power plants. The safety of reactors in India is also at question. See V. K. Shashikumar’s article “Leaks at India’s nuclear-power plants: cause for concern? Even the country’s safest reactors don’t meet international standards, according to its atomic regulations agency” in The Christian Science Monitor, October 11, 2002

In New York, Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton has expressed concern over the security of the Plum Island Animal Disease Center. It is the only testing and diagnostic center for highly contagious animal diseases and has been the subject of a maintenance workers strike. Senator Clinton is concerned that the use of temporary workers could threaten the security of these dangerous substances.

Customs officials in Russia uncovered an attempt to smuggle anti-aircraft systems disguised as car parts.

15. Recently Published

Altman, Lawrance K., William J. Broad and Denise Grady “White House Debate on Smallpox Slows Plan for Wide Vaccination” in The New York Times, October 13, 2002

Bravin, Jess and Gary Fields. “Zero-Tolerance Approach to Terrorism Is Being Tested: New Emphasis on Making Pre-Emptive Arrests May Not Meet Tougher Standards in Court” in The Wall Street Journal, October 8, 2002

The Economist. “Prometheus unbound: A survey of Greece” in The Economist, October 12, 2002

Financial Times special issue. “World Report: Cyprus: Economy, tourism, politics, EU accession, archaeology and conservation” in the Financial Times October 9, 2002. Online at http://www.ft.com/cyprus2002

Financial Times special issue. “World Report: Malaysia: Economy, politics, tourism, restructuring and the country’s reclusive businessmen” in the Financial Times October 7, 2002. Online at http://www.ft.com/malaysia2002

Goldberg, Jeffrey. “A Reporter At Large: In the Party of God: Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war?” Part 1. In The New Yorker, October 14 and 21, 2002

Gordon, Joy. “Cool War: Economic sanctions as a weapon of mass destruction” in Harper’s Magazine, November 2002.

Hechinger, John. “As Robberies Rise, FBI Presses Banks To Boost Security: But Bankers Fear That Adding Guards, Barriers Will Lead to Violence, Ruin Ambience: Crooks Armed With Just a Note” in The Wall Street Journal, October 8, 2002

Orwall, Bruce “Hiring a Hacker Brings Headache to a Security-Card Maker” in The Wall Street Journal, October 9, 2002.

Shashikumar’s, V. K. “Leaks at India’s nuclear-power plants: cause for concern? Even the country’s safest reactors don’t meet international standards, according to its atomic regulations agency” in The Christian Science Monitor, October 11, 2002

Simpson, Glenn R. “U.S. Tries ‘Al Capone’ Tax Charges In Some Terror-Financing Cases” in The Wall Street Journal, October 10, 2002

Wayne, Leslie. “America’s For-Profit Secret Army: Military Contractors Are Hired To Do the Pentagon’s Bidding Far From Washington’s View” in The New York Times, October 13, 2002

Zakaria, Fareed. “Annals of Foreign Policy: Our Way: The trouble with being the world’s only super power” in The New Yorker, October 14 and 21, 2002.

FEATURE ARTICLE: Terrorism Threat Analysis

Current risk models don’t work. What’s worse, many of the modifications implemented after the attacks on the US of September 11 will not help to predict future risks.

What’s missing? An understanding of the threats of terrorism and political violence, including their causes and contributing factors, and techniques to continuously update the models based on new information. Historical data is only one piece of the equation. It must be continuously updated and its assumptions tested and adjusted accordingly.

Let’s talk about what makes terrorism different -- and what doesn’t -- and look at the best practices that are now evolving to accommodate the increasing and evolving threats, within the context of risk management and business continuity planning.

Terrorism has been called an asymmetric threat, one that has unequal aspects in all or in part. This terminology arose from a military/political distinction that contrasts war from terrorism. War is between political entities, two countries that at least in theory follow rules of engagement. Terrorism doesn’t follow these rules. Although a government may fight against a terrorist group, at its most fundamental, terrorism is fought between people.

Terrorism has also evolved. Although terrorist activities have been documented throughout recorded history, it was only in the 20th century that it became an international phenomenon.

Because terrorism is international and because it is about people, changes in our approach to contemporary risk management, business continuity, and incident response need to be adjusted to accommodate this reality.

September 11 was a wake-up call to Americans, but terrorism cannot be defined by that singular event. It was not the first attack on US interests, US soil or the World Trade Center (WTC). Had it not been for the catastrophic failure of the fire cladding in the WTC and the resultant collapse of the buildings, the subsequent losses would have been in line with prior terrorist attacks, including domestic incidents such as the Oklahoma City bombing. This statement does not minimize the tragedy, but helps to contain it within a broader context.

It is important to maintain this context in order to develop effective preventive strategies for the future. Too much of America’s response to terrorism has been directed against a past attack. Let’s look at how to deal with the next one.

Lesson 1: There is no such thing as a zero-based risk. The unthinkable can happen, so plan for it.

Lesson 2: Risk must look at the extended enterprise.
** A single event can effect multiple parts of the operation in multiple locations
** Risk comes from the individuals within a company as well as those you do business with, or used to do business with, or who live in a community in which you operate.
** Risk comes from throughout the supply chain and in every location in which you or a supplier operate or from which supplies are obtained

Lesson 3: Threat profiles have multiple dimensions so multiple forms of analysis need to be used.
** Identify potential targets. Commercial risk models cover the high profile attacks and generic industry risk, but your analysis can and should extend as far as the level of individual risk profiles.
** Operational risk analysis has used tools like asset and liability management; dynamic financial analysis, and so on. These traditional models only provide a baseline from which to extend asymmetric threats.
** Modeling tools can help analyze and integrate data. Parametric models have been very popular. These should be used in conjunction with causal modeling that supports business simulations. There has been some recent work in implementing tools developed from game theory.
**Visualization tools can help to make the morass of data more accessible, though in some cases the material is so complex only a very sophisticated statistical expert can translate it into usable information.

Lesson 4: Terrorist attacks have an impact on multiple dimensions
** In addition to a financial loss, your ability to raise money for recovery may be limited by external government factors, physical limitations, damage to your reputation, and other unanticipated interdependencies
** Just as a business continuity plan needs to incorporate offsite backup systems, other financial, operational, and human systems need to have available alternatives already identified and incorporated in your plans
** These dimensions may be specific to a location

Lesson 5: Improve your data and analysis.
** Make sure critical corporate information is current, retrievable, and recognized as a protected asset
** Normalize customer, employee, and supplier records to support identification and recovery efforts. They are of equal or greater importance to intellectual property. If source code merits replication and a secure storage vault, so do records about your human assets.
** More data provides better analysis. Incorporate historical material and integrate material from other sources that will help analyze frequency and tactical changes, including the severity of attacks. Such information is critical to help develop and maintain accurate risk profiles. Probabilistic analysis is only as good as the amount of data available and cannot be relied on alone.
** Do not rely on a single modeling approach.
** Constantly test your assumptions

Lesson 6: Situations rapidly evolve. Responses need to be equally nimble.
** Practice scenarios help test assumptions and offer a useful training mechanism. Make sure the information acquired from the scenario testing is fed back into your database and the knowledge is incorporated in your analysis and plans.
** International events can have a material impact even if an event occurs far down your supply chain or in relation to a single business trip. Make sure you have access to international resources wherever you do business.
** Integrated data frequently updated is essential.

Lesson 7: Learn from the experience of others
** People all around the world have lived with regular terrorist attacks for centuries. They are very willing to share the knowledge they have acquired from their long experience. Take advantage of it.
** Look at best practices internationally. For example, terrorism insurance funding developed for IRA and ETA attacks offers a model worth consideration.

For information on related products and services, please send email to and request the Terrorism Threat Analysis Resources document. It will be emailed to you as a PDF file.

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