CONTENTS:

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK:

1. World
2. Africa
3. Americas
4. Asia Pacific
5. Europe
6. Middle East
7. South Asia
8. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare
9. Finance
10 Human Rights
11. Law and Legal Issues
12. Narco-terrorism
13. Transportation
14. Weapons of Mass Destruction
15. Recently Published

FEATURE ARTICLE:
Land Reform (part 2)

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

1. World

North Korea and the US are at a nuclear impasse as the US has again ruled out any concessions following the allegation that North Korea already has nuclear weapons. Amid continued uncertainty, possible next steps are being debated within the US Bush administration.

Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is on the decline everywhere except China, which fears that the outbreak may be out of control. Scientific investigations continue in several areas. Only a minority of infections has been associated with the coronavirus identified as the likely agent for SARS, so testing continues. Other investigations are looking into the origin of the virus and ways it has spread, amid new indications that it could live for hours or days on external surfaces.

The US, after declaring an end to major combat, is planning a multinational stabilization force in Iraq, with three sectors to be commanded by the US, UK and Poland, with US General Tommy Franks in overall control. Meanwhile, plenty of evidence of vicious human rights abuses continues to be uncovered, but evidence of weapons of mass destruction remains elusive. Two significant concerns have been raised regarding these two issues. First, as citizens retrieve their dead for burial, and documentation is retrieved, evidence that could be used for war crimes prosecutions may be compromised. Second, there is growing concern that weapons could have been dispersed, leading to a much more serious problem than previously.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) meeting ended with agreements to move forward, though key issues including subsidies had not been discussed. OECD warned of the growing divergence in economic performance of the 30 richest countries.

The US has stalled another international treaty, this time a World Health Organization initiative to cut back tobacco use. Although they had said they would sign the treaty, they have now asked to reopen negotiations to allow countries to opt out of any provision they found objectionable.

2. Africa

Algerian officials say that local militants are holding the 31 missing foreign tourists in several different locations.

Burundi has reached a new milestone in the peace agreement as the presidency has moved from the Tutsi minority to the Hutu majority. Despite the power shift, fighting has intensified. The Forces for the Defense of Democracy (FDD) say they shelled civilian neighborhoods, killing six and wounding 40, to encourage further concessions from the government. An African peacekeeping force has arrived.

In Democratic Republic of Congo, 60 people, mostly women and children, were massacred by suspected Lendu militias.

An alliance of 13 Eritrean opposition groups has set up a new military wing to attack strategic targets to bring down President Afewerki. Eritrean radicals of the Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement have denied government claims that it murdered British geologist Timothy Nutt last month.

Ivory Coast rebels in the west and government forces are battling again despite the peace agreement. Rebel leader Felix Doh was killed in an ambush by a rival warlord.

Liberian rebels of the Movement for Democracy are in control of the southeastern port of Greenville.

Libya has accepted responsibility for the 1988 Lockerbie bombing, paving the way to complete a settlement and have sanctions removed.

After federal intervention, by the Nigerian government, oil workers held hostage for almost two weeks have been freed. They include 97 foreign nationals who were caught up in a protest for better working conditions.

Sudan's government and the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army have agreed with the UN to open the Nile corridor, thus improving access for humanitarian supplied.

Togo's President Eyadema, the longest serving of Africa's "Big Men", will face the June 1 election without contest by the opposition leader, whose nomination was rejected by the electoral commission.

3. Americas

Colombian guerilla commander Fidel Romero of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) has turned himself in to the government demobilization program. He is the first rebel leader to do this.

Cuban President Fidel Castro has attacked US war aims and the threat posed by US plans against Cuba. Cuba's re-election to the UN Human Rights Commission has met with general protests.

The island of Vieques, Puerto Rico, has celebrated the departure of US troops after 60 years of US bombing exercises.

In a report submitted to US court officials, the US Bush administration reveals they received approval for 31 percent more special surveillance warrants, from 934 in 2001 to 1,288 in 2002.

An investigation by the US General Accounting Office has found continued lack of information sharing and points to nine agencies maintaining 12 separate watch lists of known or suspected terrorists and criminals. These lists are supposed to be used for border crossings, visas, and so on. The agencies have different types of information and different or conflicting policies on information sharing.

Meanwhile, the US Supreme Court upheld indefinite detention of immigrants.

The US Defense department is reconfiguring foreign military installations, including withdrawing from Saudi Arabia. The US Pentagon has issues a new set of rules for military tribunals in which to try al Qaeda suspects and possibly others. http://dod.mil/transcripts/2003/tr20030502-0144.html

The US Department of State issued their 2002 Patterns of Global Terrorism report, showing a decline in attacks (largely due to correcting over-reporting) and reduced attacks, primarily because of fewer oil pipe bombings in Colombia.

May 3-4 is the French Alliance Day festival, commemorating the 225th anniversary of France's support for American colonists in the war of independence.

In Venezuela, tens of thousands of pro- and anti-Chavez demonstrators clashed, leaving one dead.

4. Asia Pacific

Countries in the region met to discuss ways to curb people smuggling. Australia emphasized the need for tight border controls and law enforcement.

In Jakarta, Indonesia, a bomb exploded at the airport, injuring eleven people. Responsibility was unknown, but several different groups are suspected. The government and Aceh rebels are considering how peace talks could be revived.

Japanese police raided the Pana Wave Laboratory cult that had been blocking traffic following by camping in a roadway. The police are concerned over the cult's similarities to Aum Shrinrikyo.

Philippine troops and the separatist Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) clashed again, killing two soldiers, a civilian, and some 19 rebels. A day before, the army attacked an Abu Sayyaf camp, killing two soldiers and four rebels.

Military bases in southern Thailand were the sites of raids by militants that killed four and wounded three. They also stole arms.

5. Europe

Belgium, France, Germany and Luxembourg, all opponents of the US-led war in Iraq, announced a plan for closer defense cooperation for the European Union alone. European defense was also the topic of a meeting of foreign ministers.

Belgium's war crimes prosecutor is moving forward on a war crimes case submitted by a group of Iraqis against US General Franks, focusing on 17 specific incidents of illegal actions. The US has protested the inquiry that would determine whether there is a case to be answered, and the Belgian prosecutor has responded that the US should not object to an open inquiry into such charges.

Croatian General Janko Bobetko has died. Indicted for war crimes, he had been too ill to stand trial.

Cyprus has lifted a trade ban that had prohibited Turkish Cypriots from doing business in the south or receiving state benefits available to Greek Cypriots. Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan is assessing possible settlements to end the island's division.

The French government has approved fingerprinting of applicants for tourist visas in an effort to crack down on illegal immigrants.

Ireland and Britain published a joint declaration that outlines the steps the IRA should take in order to reduce the British military presence and a second agreement to monitor paramilitary activities if the Irish Republican Army (IRA) ends hostilities.

The Italian "Unabomber" struck again, injuring a n9-year-old girl and her friend, when a pen exploded in her hands.

Romania and Russia have reached agreement over national sovereignty and border recognition.

Russian prosecutors have closed the investigation into three 1999 apartment bombings in Chechnya that killed 243 and injured 1,742. They say foreign Islamic fighters, including five identified suspects undertook the bombings. One of these is dead, two in custody, and two at large. This action leaves open the questions of why the bombings took place, possible involvement by Russian security forces, and many other questions.

Serbia released an indictment detailing the political conspiracy around Zoran Djindjic's assassination.

Spanish police arrested eight suspected members of Udalbiltza, associated with the Basque militant group ETA.

British authorities are cooperating with Israelis to investigate the alleged involvement of two British citizens as suicide bombers in Israel. The bomber, named as Asif Mohammed Hanef, killed himself and three others in Tel Aviv. His accomplice, named as Omar Khan Sharif, apparently had a suicide belt that failed and is at large. In the UK, these allegations have drawn attention to Islamic militants and to possible threats from suicide bombers within the country.

Elections in Northern Ireland have been postponed, waiting for additional clarification of the intentions of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that now plans to release a peace statement. The British government released a paper offering amnesty to wanted paramilitaries and a second document to outline the good faith steps it would take even in the absence of an agreement. It also joined Ireland in two joint agreements. However, as David McKittrick points out, "Emergency wards show the limits of the ceasefire" (The Independent, May 2, http://news.independent.co.uk/low_res/story.jsp?story=402340&host=3&dir=68

6. Middle East

The Mideast Road map has been launched. It is a peace plan developed by the "Quartet" of the US, The EU, Russia and the UN. It described the aim for a "final and comprehensive settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by 2005" that is based on "an independent, democratic and viable Palestinian state living side by side in peace and security with Israel and its other neighbors". It lays out three phases:
1. Unconditional end to violence by both sides, new Palestinian constitution and elections, and freeze on Israeli settlements
2. Palestinian elections, international conference to identify the possible Palestinian state and provisional borders and
3. Consolidated Palestinian reforms, security and stabilization, and negotiations for a permanent status agreement including normalized relations between Israel and Arab states

Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and Palestinian Prime Minister Abu Mazen (Mahmoud Abbas) plan to meet as soon as possible. The Israelis define this as following Palestinian measures to stop violence while the Palestinians define this as acceptance of the Mideast Road Map without reservations.

Iran has strongly condemned the US ceasefire with the Mujahideen Khalq (MEK) based in Iraq that launches attacks against Iraq and has long been listed on the US list of terrorist organizations.

Hours after the Mideast Road Map was introduced, Israeli forces launched a raid into the occupied Gaza Strip, killing 13 Palestinians including three Hamas militants, a 15-, 13- and 2-year old boys as well as other civilians. Tens of thousands attended the mass funeral that followed and took the opportunity to protest possible reconciliation with Israel. At the end of the week, a documentary filmmaker was shot dead by Israeli tank fire.

Shortly before the release of the Mideast Road Map, a suicide bomber set off an explosion in Tel Aviv, Israel, that killed three and injured 46. He had traveled with a colleague whose explosives belt failed to detonate and who escaped. In a dramatic new twist, both men were apparently British.

Saudi Arabia will be free of US troops after serving more than ten years as the primary US air base in the Gulf. The withdrawal, to be completed by the end of the summer, will satisfy one of the major demands of Muslim extremists, including Osama bin Laden.

Syria is under pressure by the US to stop funding offices of Hezbollah, Hamas and Islamic Jihad and to settle the long-running dispute with Israel over the Golan Heights, captured by Israel in 1967. Syria's suggestion that the Middle East be declared a weapons of mass destruction free zone was met with scorn by US officials who said the suggestion was targeted against Israel, the only country in the Middle East that has nuclear as well as biological and chemical weapons.

In the occupied West Bank, Israeli soldiers killed two militants, including a leader of the Al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades. More than 30 Palestinians have been detained.

7. South Asia

In Afghanistan, the US declared that major combat in Afghanistan is over. As a measure to encourage more international participation in the reconstruction, this declaration will not change the fact that security is barely in place in the capital Kabul and deteriorating elsewhere, particularly in the south. Factional fighting and direct attacks have prevented aid workers from reaching many areas of the country.

Bangladesh and Indian troops clashed across a disputed section of the border with a number of attendant casualties. The Bangladesh and Indian foreign secretaries have held discussions regarding illegal immigration and improved trade and communications systems.

India and Pakistan have said they will re-establish full diplomatic relations.

Indian troops in Nagaland state raided two National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) camps. They arrested three rebels and seized their weapons. This is an apparent breech of the 6-year-old ceasefire. Meanwhile, in Bengal Congress party supporters hung one Marxist leader and police shot dead three Marxist supporters. Marxists attacked Congress supporters, killing four.

In Indian-administered Kashmir, eleven militants and six soldiers were killed in a gun battle. There was also a car bombing that killed one militant; two more were shot dead at the scene.

Nepal's government and Maoist rebels held the first round of exploratory peace talks. The rebels have protested their new listing by the US State Department as a terrorist organization and said this label could adversely affect the peace process.

Pakistani authorities report having uncovered an al Qaeda plot to crash an explosives-laden small plane into the US Consulate in Karachi. Six people were arrested; including two al Qaeda members suspected of roles in the USS Cole and September 11 attacks.

Sri Lanka's Tamil Tiger rebels have re-established communications with the Norwegian peace mediators and have rejected a Sri Lankan government suggestion to locate troops in a security zone in the rebel dominated northern peninsula.

8. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare

Spammers are beginning to use the tactics of virus writers. Sending spam is now a felony under Virginia state law in the US. The US Federal Trade Commission has released "False Claims in Spam: A Report by the Division of Marketing Practices" http://www.ftc.gov/reports/spam/030429spamreport.pdf

Howard Schmidt who recently resigned as the head of US cybersecurity efforts has joined eBay.

9. Finance

The Kimberley Process group has set a deadline of the end of July for countries to join the process to certify diamonds or be excluded from the trade.

The US Treasury has issued the final version of its customer identification rules (http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/js335.htm) as well as new anti-money laundering rules for the securities and commodities industry (http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/js333.htm).

10. Human Rights

May 2 marked World Press Freedom Day. There were calls to action against hate media, calls to make killing reporters a war crime, and concerns over the impact of mega-media corporations on freedom of expression. Reporters Without Borders reported a sharp increase in attacks and threats against journalists (http://www.rsf.fr/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=144) and highlights Bangladesh as the worst offender.

The UN Development Fund for Women issued a report (http://www.unifem.undp.org/resources/progressv2/index.html) that indicates there are no systemic differences regarding political involvement of women based on economic factors and that European countries led the way in political gender equality.

UN Human Rights Commission has elected 24 countries to serve on the committee. They include Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Mauritania, South Africa, Hungary, Russian Federation, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia. The US singled out Cuba to protest at its election, demonstrated by the US representative walking out of the meeting.

11. Law and Legal Issues

Amrozi, alleged member of Jemaah Islamiyah, has been formally charged in Indonesian court with the Bali bombings.

Mohamad Arafat, Mustafa Siam and Ahed Khreissat have been sentenced to death by a military court in Jordan for their role in a February 2002 bombing that killed two. The latter two have not been caught and were sentenced in absentia.

Walid Mohammad bin Attash (Tawfiq bin Attash), suspected al Qaeda member associated with the USS Cole and September 11 attacks, was arrested in Pakistan.

Maher "Mike" Hawash, whose detention for more than a month in Oregon as a material witness in a terrorism investigation led to a number of rallies and protests, has now been charged with conspiracy to levy war and provide material support to the Taliban and al Qaeda. For a review of this story, see "Immigrant's Path: From Tech Success To Terror Charges" in The Wall Street Journal, April 29.

Lynn Htun, known as the hacker Fluffi Bunni, was arrested in London on fraud charges.

Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri are on trial in Vancouver, Canada, for the June 1985 Air India bombing. Both men have pleaded not guilty.

Zacarias Moussaoui, accused "20th hijacker", has ended the debate over his presence at a court hearing to determine his access to an al Qaeda prisoner by telling the court that he does not want to attend the hearing. In recent court filings, the US Department of justice has suggested that rather than being the "20th hijacker" Moussaoui was actually intended to pilota fifth plane.

Slobodan Milosevic faces another new charge, that of attempting to assassinate his rival, Vuk Draskovic, in June 2000.

Lorenzo Llona Olalde has been arrested in Spain for three murders in 1981, allegedly actions on behalf of Basque separatist group ETA.

Vojislav Seselj has been charged in Serbia with incitement to terrorism and murder in connection with the assassination of Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic. 44 others were also been charged with similar offenses. Seselj is presently in The Hague in connection with war crimes charges.

12. Narco-terrorism

North Korea's possible role in drug trafficking to raise funds has been raised by the Australian foreign minister in connection with the discovery of a heroin shipmnet.

With 2,275 people dead and 17,000 arrests in Thailand's war against drugs, the government has claimed to have eliminated 90 percent of the trade and claimed it would be entirely eliminated within 6 months.

Pakistan's crackdown against poppy farming led to a shootout between soldiers and farmers near the Afghan border, killing four soldiers and a number of others.

13. Transportation

In a cost saving measure, the US Transportation Security Administration is eliminating 6,000 airport screener jobs by the end of September.

Background checks will be required in the US for all truck drivers (about 3.5 million) who transport hazardous materials.

14. Weapons of Mass Destruction

The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons held its first conference since the 1997 chemical weapons convention came into force. They have called to extend the treaty to the whole world and thus eliminate an entire class of weapons suppported with stringent international verification.

The US smallpox vaccination program has been found to have a number of problems. These are described in a new General accounting Office report that points to underestimating the costs of administering the vaccine, starting and expanding the program too quickly, providing confusing education and training materials, refusing to distribute safer needles, and not cooperating closely enough with state and local healthcare workers.

15. Recently Published

George Crile "Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History -- The Arming of the Mujahideen" Atlantic Monthly Press.

David Grossman, transl Haim Watzman, "Death as a Way of Life: Israel Ten Years After Oslo" Farrar Straus Girouz

Walter Laqueur "No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century" Continuum

William Odom, "Fixing Intelligence: For a More Secure America" Yale University Press

Thomas Powers "Intelligence Wars: American Secret history From Hitler to Al-Qaeda" New York Review

Martin Rees, "Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning: How Terror, Error, and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future in This Century -- on Earth and Beyond" Basic

Susan Sontag, "Regarding the Pain of Others" Farrar Straus Giroux

Marilyn W Thompson, "The Killer Strain: Anthrax and a Government Exposed" HarperCollins

FEATURE ARTICLE: Land Reform (part 2)

Last week we provided a detailed look at the situation in Zimbabwe, that largely revolves around issues of land reform, compounded by poor governance and dictatorial leadership. In Zimbabwe, this situation has led to the collapse of the economy and widespread hunger, and continues to deteriorate. This week, we take a brief look at land reform in the international context, remembering that failed countries are breeding grounds for terrorism and political violence.

Most people in the world do not own the land they live on, work on, or that provides their basic needs. In turn, basic livelihoods are threatened by the arrival of nationalism in which a government takes ownership and by globalization in which external settlers (historically colonialists and now international corporations) take ownership.

Colonial occupiers treated land ownership in different ways. For example, the British in Africa generally used land ordinances to reflect customary rights. This is the same tradition that provided documentation to Palestinian land ownership under the British protectorate -- documents that exiled Palestinians continue to use to justify their right of return and that are used in Israel to pay compensation to the prior owners.

In Australia, the land was declared "terra nullius", land that belongs to no one. For more than 200 years this justified the dispossession of the Aboriginal people and formed the basis for all land laws. In turn, it affected the way the original inhabitants were treated by new immigrants and directly led to two centuries of racism and poverty. This concept was only overturned in 1992 in a High Court decision that considered the rights of indigenous peoples and ruled that the Aboriginal people of the Murray islands are entitled to the "possession, occupation, use and enjoyment" of their lands. This decision led to the Native Title Act of 1993 that acknowledged customary rights and what claims could be made.

Land is not only tied to economic subsistence. It also defines social and cultural norms. This includes complex communal land tenure systems, kinship links, inheritance, religion and many other aspects of life. Indeed, land use drives transportation systems, clothing, shelter, leisure, the roles between men and women, and many other core cultural and economic issues. Think of the differences between hunter-gatherer and pastoral cultures even in adjacent geographies.

Ownership of land (and its natural resources) continues to present one of the largest challenges to international stability. The situation in Zimbabwe is dire, but the legacy of white minority ownership is also a major contemporary issue in Namibia and South Africa. In other cases, such as that uncovered recently in Kenya, corrupt governments take public lands and use them as rewards to their supporters and in exchange for favors. Beyond Africa, the most serious conflicts are in the Americas.

The best known indigenous movement in the Americas is that of the Zapatistas. Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) was the most famous leader of the Mexican revolution, using the rallying cry "It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees". The fight against dictatorship and control of the state by a small number of wealthy families has continued in various forms ever since.

In January 1994, a new leader took on Zapata's populist mantle. Subcommandante Marcos led the Zapatista National Liberation Army (formed in 1980) in an uprising against the central Mexican government to improve living conditions and human rights of the indigenous people in Chiapas. After a year of attacks in Chiapas and elsewhere in Mexico, the government and the rebels reached a preliminary peace agreement. Negotiations broke down over the terms and low level conflict continued, fueled by government support for paramilitary attacks against indigenous civilians. The most notorious of these was the massacre of 45 Tzotzil Indians, mostly women and children, in December 1997 that led to mass protests and the resignation of several government ministers.

In 2001, Mexico's new leadership under Vincente Fox promised changes to help the eleven million indigenous people living in poverty in Mexico. In March 2001, Subcommandante Marcos and a group of Zapatista guerillas traveled for two weeks to the capital, Mexico City. The first rebel movement in the capital since 1914, they were greeted by tens of thousands supporters. With no improvements, low level conflict has continues, including protests, occupations, and riding horseback through the congress. Only in the past week is there an accord that would provide rural development funds.

Brazil's indigenous people also see hope in their new president, Luis Inacio Lula da Silva (Lula). There are at least three interests at stake: landless peasants, hunter-gatherer tribes, and homeless urban dwellers. The Landless Movement (MST) is the largest group. When Lula was elected they called a truce, but after two months began a series of land seizures and protests around the country. MST has about a million members who are all urging the government to act more quickly to distribute land to the thousands of poor families. The Awa tribe, the last hunter-gatherers living in Brazil's Amazonian rain forest, was given a reserve and is waiting for illegal loggers and ranchers to be removed. Squatters in the cities have been promised formal title to their homes. This includes some 4,000 communities with millions of residents (1.5 million in Rio de Janeiro alone).

Elsewhere in South America similar challenges and opportunities are widespread. Colombia moved toward land reform by taking 14,000 acres of farmland that had been seized from drug traffickers and giving it to about 300 small farmers. It is unclear what the new crops will be. Bolivia's small farmers are protesting any restrictions on their ability to earn a living with their traditional crop, coca that is also the most profitable crop in Colombia. Paraguay's farmers have marched in the thousands to ask for economic relief.

The United States is not immune. Economic viability from traditional land is less and less realistic, so native tribes have looked at other ways to maintain their independent nations. Recently, gambling has become a significant source of income, as tribes are allowed to operate them independently from state laws prohibiting such activity. Small farmers, virtually eliminated by transnational agricultural conglomerates, have also fought back. In March, the center of Washington DC was shut down for three days by a tobacco farmer who drove his tractor into a pond to protest reduced subsidies and the end to his farm, that had been in the family for five generations.

In the future, it is important to keep an eye on China, where factories are displacing farmers and where the Ministry of Agriculture estimates that almost half of the workers now used in farming are no longer needed. That's about 150 million (nearly half the population of the US) who will be out of work, with few alternatives.

Internationally, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund recently acknowledged that privatization of land to international corporations has harmed poor countries and that land policies and lending policies need drastic changes. NAFTA has helped make wealthy farmers wealthier, but has increased poverty among the small farmers and poor rural workers.

World trade agreements are threatened by disputes over agricultural subsidies and agricultural exports. Even differences in the technology behind land use are causing disruption, particularly the use of genetically modified products. These controversies are presented as issues of liberalization and free trade. In reality, fundamental questions of individual human rights versus the rights of large international corporations need to be resolved first. In other words, the cultural issues behind land use will govern the successful negotiation of the uses of land.

Further reading:
* Food and Agriculture Organization http://www.fao.org/
* Food First, "Tides Shift on Agrarian Reform: New Movements Show the Way", Backgrounder Winter 2001, http://www.foodfirst.org/pubs/backgrdrs/2001/w01v7n1.html
* IRIN, "Southern Africa: Focus on new thinking on land reform" May 1, 2003, http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=33820&SelectRegion=Southern_Africa
* Land Tenure Center of the University of Wisconsin-Madison http://www.wisc.edu/lts/
* Landless Workers Movement (MST) in Brazil http://www.mstbrazil.org/
* C. L. Ogleby, "Terra Nullius, The High Court And Surveyors", in The Australian Surveyor, September 1993 Vol. 38, No 3. pp. 171 - 189, http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/research/cad_anthology/article/artic7.htm
* World Bank "Land Policy and Administration" http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/essdext.nsf/24ByDocName/LandPolicyandAdministration
* Zapatista Net http://www.actlab.utexas.edu/~zapatistas/
* Zapatista Network http://www.zapatistas.org

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