AUTHOR:
TerrorismCentral Editorial Staff
TITLE:
TerrorismCentral Newsletter - July 6, 2003
SOURCE:
TerrorismCentral, July 6, 2003
TEXT:
As the marching season in Northern Ireland is in full swing, this week's Feature Article takes a look at the origins and contemporary issues surrounding the practice. News Highlights take a look at new opportunities for peace in Liberia, as President Taylor accepts an asylum offer from Nigeria, as well as other events from the past week around the globe.
1. World
2. Africa
3. Americas
4. Asia Pacific
5. Europe
6. Middle East
7. South Asia
8. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare
9. Finance
10 Human Rights
11. Law and Legal Issues
12. Narco-terrorism
13. Transportation
14. Weapons of Mass Destruction
15. Recently Published
FEATURE ARTICLE:
Marching Season in Northern Ireland, 1498 - 2003
Recent intelligence reports, including testimony from a defector, indicate that North Korea may have developed nuclear weapons in the past and that development is underway at this time, including a possible test site. North Korea has continued to ratchet up the rhetoric against the US. South Korean officials have expressed skepticism over the reports.
The list of areas infected with SARS is empty, now that Taiwan has been removed. The World Health Organization has declared that SARS is contained, but efforts continue to identify the source and gain other information regarding patterns of transmission and other critical information that can be used to help prevent future outbreaks.
Occupation forces in Iraq face an average of more than a dozen armed attacks every day. The increasingly brazen attacks are attributed to many factors, including a lack of police, continued incidents involving civilians, (such as an explosion at a mosque last week that killed students and a leading cleric), the lack of Iraqi involvement in governing the country, and many other factors. Given the lack of security, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees has warned it is not possible to repatriate refugees. In the meantime, the UN World Food Program is delivering 1,000 tons of food to Iraq every hour, in their largest ever operation. Saddam Hussein is still alive, as evidenced by a recent recorded message, and the US has offered a $25 million reward for his capture. Intelligence leading up to the war continues to cause significant controversy in the UK, and questions are also being raised in the US and Australia.
2. Africa
Algeria has freed two leaders of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) after serving 12 years in prison. Abassi Madani and Ali Belhadj were arrested in 1991, just before FIS won a massive parliamentary election victory that was promptly cancelled, beginning the long-running armed conflict. They are still prohibited from engaging in political activities, a ban with which they are not likely to comply. Foreign correspondents have all been told to leave the country.
In Angola, separatist rebels of the Front for the Liberation of the Cabinda Enclave (FLEC) have vowed to continue their independence struggle, although several officials have defected. However, the former rebel group UNITA has agreed to remain in the government of national unity and has called for elections to be held as quickly as possible.
Burundi rebels of the Forces for the Defense of Democracy (FDD) have kidnapped four members of the main Hutu political party, the Front for Democracy in Burundi (Frodebu), and seven others. Of these, one MP and four civilians have since been released.
Democratic Republic of Congo rebels and government representatives have agreed to form a united army. With this major obstacle out of the way, President Joseph Kabila has named a transitional government in which members of the rebel groups have already begun to serve. Outbreaks of fighting continue to occur around the country.
Ivory Coast is struggling with an influx of some 30,000 Liberian refugees who have arrived in the past two months. Violence against one of the rebel leaders serving in the transitional government led to a threat to leave the government, but the parties have been reconciled. The war has been officially declared over. An amnesty for the rebels has been approved.
Liberian President Charles Taylor has accepted an asylum offer from Nigeria, but it is unclear at what point he would leave the country or when international peacekeeping forces would be in place. The Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS) has pledged troops, but they have asked for US leadership in building the force. A peacekeeping force is essential to help prevent chaos in the wake of a power vacuum -- not that the current fighting is far short of that.
In Malawi, army troops were sent to put down demonstrations and riots protesting the deportation of five suspected al Qaeda members to the US.
Nigerian labor unions held strikes throughout the week, bringing the country to a virtual standstill, in protest against a 54 percent increase in the price of fuel. Police have dispersed the protestors, who made bonfires in the streets. There have been conflicting reports over whether protestors have been killed.
Somali armed faction and political group leaders have agreed to form a transitional federal government to rule for the next four years. This could be the first step to bringing peace to a country that had been reduced to near-anarchy following the overthrown of the dictator Mohamed Siad Barre in 1991.
In Sudan, the government and the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) have renewed the Memorandum of Understanding that provides for ceasefire and other terms, for an additional three months. SPLM/A has enacted the Laws of the New Sudan for governance until a peace agreement is signed.
The Zimbabwean government has increased salaries to President Robert Mugabe and other officials by almost 600 percent, nearly double the rate of inflation (300 percent), despite the severe economic crisis facing the country. See the Special Report on rising poverty in Zimbabwe at http://www.irinnews.org/print.asp?ReportID=35074
3. Americas
Brazilian President Lula da Silva has met with the Landless Movement (MST) to discuss land reform in the face of increased farm invasions and blockades by MST.
Canadian think-tank, the Mackenzie Institute, has found that 15 of 80 named international terrorist organizations, including Sikh separatists, Tamil Tigers, and al Qaeda, have a significant presence in the country. Border security between the US and Canada is highlighted in a recent report by the Migration Policy Institute, http://www.migrationpolicy.org
Colombian President Alvaro Uribe has announced new defense and security policies to defeat guerillas and paramilitaries and the drug trafficking activities that largely fund the violence. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) rebels are reported to have placed a necklace bomb on a Venezuelan rancher. The device was successfully disarmed.
In the US, a new report by the Council on Foreign Relations highlights the lack of funding for local first responders and non-conventional attacks. They say that expenditures must be tripled to meet the minimum requirements of an effective response program. http://www.cfr.org/
These warnings had no impact on Independence Day (4th of July) celebrations. In fact, the government reported a decrease in "chatter" that represented a low-level of threat and made it unnecessary to increase the homeland security alert level.
In response to the proliferation of federal surveillance activities, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology used the 4th of July to open the Government Information Awareness website to provide details about officials in all branches of government to the public. http://www.opengov.media.mit.edu
US President Bush has decided that six of the detainees held at the US naval base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, will be tried before a military tribunal. The six include British and Australian nationals.
4. Asia Pacific
Southeast Asian governments increased security, particularly around western embassies and other interests, following a warning by Philippines President Arroyo regarding a new round of Jemaah Islamiah attacks.
Australian customs officials detained a small fishing boat carrying 50 Vietnamese refugees. They will be transferred to Christmas Island and allowed to apply for asylum rather than being immediately deported.
Burmese democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi remains in detention amid reports that 2,000 thugs backed by the army led the assault to capture her, killing many in the process.
In Cambodia, elections have been preceded by more violence, including a fatal shooting and a grenade attack, both in people's homes.
In Hong Kong, massive protests attracting over half a million demonstrators were held to protest the Security Bill. In response, the government has agreed to make some concessions in the law, but these have not yet led to a diminution of concerns over civil liberties and press freedom.
Indonesian police have arrested a major suspect in connection with the Bali bombings. Idris was detained after he attempted to rob a bank to fund further attacks. In the ongoing actions against Aceh rebels, theIndonesian government has decided to create civilian militias to supplement the military. The fighting in Aceh continues. The head of the operation says the military controls the entire island but that members of the Free Aceh Movement are still at large, and the fight against them would continue for several months. Details cannot be obtained as foreign journalists are forbidden.
Japan's lower house of parliament has approved 1000 troops to be sent to Iraq to help reconstruction. This is the largest foreign deployment since WWII.
In Laos, two European journalists and an American pastor have been convicted to obstructing police and possessing weapons or explosives, and sentenced to 156 years in jail. Human rights groups and governments have protested the arrests. The three men had been researching the Hmong people, who are still associated with supporting the US during the Vietnam war. See Kate McGeown's "Laos' forgotten Hmong" http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3031116.stm
Malaysia has launched a new counter-terrorism center to support regional efforts.
In the Philippines, a raid by Abu Sayyaf Group guerillas kidnapped then murdered three children. New People's Army guerillas raided an army post, killing 17. A gunbattle between NPA and Philippine army patrol killed ten soldiers.
The Solomon Islands will be given peacekeeping support by other Pacific states, led by Australia.
5. Europe
The EU has provided a list of 14 people banned from travelling to an EU country for allegedly preventing the arrest of war criminals in the former Yugoslavia.
Corsicans are voting in a referendum that would offer merge two administrative regions into one regional assembly intended to provide a unified voice and thereby some additional autonomy from France.
Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern and British PM Tony Blair discussed options for putting the Good Friday peace process back on track, but with no visible progress. Charles M. Sennot has published a series, "Still Divided", about the peace process, in the Boston Globe http://www.boston.com/globe/goodfriday
Montenegro is featured in a Financial Times Special Report http://www.ft.com/montenegro
In Russia, a rock festival in Moscow turned into a tragedy when two female suicide bombers killed themselves and 20 others, and wounding 50. The attack was blamed on Chechen rebels.
Turkey has demanded the immediate release of 11 Turkish soldiers detained by US forces in northern Iraq. Turkey is the topic of a Special Report in the Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/turkey2003
In the UK, the Charity Commission has issued a report that finds the radical Muslim cleric Abu Hamza took over the Finsbury park mosque in London and used it to spread extremis
-m and prot4ect his supporters. The mosque has been closed since a police raid in January. Hamza is appealing a government attempt to deport him.
In Northern Ireland, two investigations into the murder of Pat Finucane reached similar conclusions. Judge Peter Cory has completed his report into four murders during the Troubles and will ask for an investigation into the case. His widow, Geraldine Finucane, has won her case in the European Court of Human Rights. The Court ruled there was no effective investigation into the killing, in violation of the European Convention of Human Rights. The British government has been ordered to pay Mrs. Finucane costs and expenses of 43,000 euros.
6. Middle East
The Israeli/Palestinian peace process is hanging on. In the Gaza Strip, Israeli troops withdrew from some sections, then there was a mortar attack against a Jewish settlement that wounded three and led to the temporary closure of the main road, and a bomb attack against an Israeli army post that killed one Palestinian militant. In the West Bank, a member of the al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade was shot dead when troops were trying to arrest him and more land was confiscated from Palestinians. Israeli troops have withdrawn from Bethlehem, where Palestinian police have assumed security control. Israel has agreed to select 200-400 Palestinian prisoners in a goodwill gesture.
Iran is under pressure from Russia and other allies to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency in stronger nuclear inspections.
The Iraq-Kuwait border mission of the UN that had monitored the demilitarized zone will be phased out by October 6.
In Saudi Arabia, a police operation investigating the May suicide bombings ended in a gunfight. The suspected mastermind, Turki Nasser al-Dandani and three companions were shot dead.
7. South Asia
In Afghanistan, another security operation was conducted to hunt for Taliban remnants. A ceasefire between Jamiat and Jumbesh factions has been agreed. A bomb in Kabul exploded prematurely, killing the two men on their way to plant it near foreign peacekeeping operations. A bomb in Kandahar exploded in a mosque, wounding ten, just before a visit by UK foreign Secretary Jack Straw.
Bhutan has offered one more chance for separatist rebels of the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) to leave the country, that has been used as a basis for attacks inside Assam, India.
In India, Assam rebel leader Rustab Choudhury of the ULFA has been killed in West Bengal.
In the state of Gujarat, Muslim witnesses recanted their testimony, thus freeing Hindus on trial in connection with sectarian riots. Intimidation during the trials has led to no convictions of Hindus, responsible for riots that killed as many as 2,000 Muslims last year, although more than a hundred Muslims have been detained. Human rights campaigners have criticized the investigations and asked that federal authorities should take over inquiries into the incident. For one description of the issues, see Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003//india0703Archaeologists investigating the Ayodhya mosque site have been given seven more weeks to report.
In the southern state Karnataka, famed police officer HT Sangliana has retired and suggested that the hunt for the notorious bandit, Veerappan, be called off.
In Indian-administered Kashmir, Muslim separatists attacked an Indian army camp, killing two.
A Shia mosque in Quetta Pakistan was the scene of a vicious attack that left 53 people dead and even more injured. It began with suicide bombing then was followed by grenade and automatic weapons attacks. Two other bombs were found concealed in the mosque, where some 2,000 people were at worship. At least 15 people have been arrested in the attack, which may have included Afghan nationals associated with the Taliban, as well as local Sunni extremists. The city is in a state of high alert.
8. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare
Warnings were issued regarding a hacking contest scheduled for July 6 but in the event there was no significant impact.
Legislation in the US state of California requiring corporations to advise customers of data at risk in the case of security breaches came into effect on July 1. http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_1351-1400/sb_1386_bill_20020926_chaptered.html
Anti-virus firm Sophos reports a nearly 20 percent increase in the number of computer viruses, with Bugbear,B the most prevalent for the first six months of this year even though it only appeared at the beginning of June.
A gang of Romanian hackers is described in an article by Gabriel Ronay "Young cyber-terrorists hold top US firms to ransom in Transylvania" in the Sunday Herald, June 29 http://www.sundayherald.com/print34961
9. Finance
The British government will introduce broad changes to its anti-money laundering efforts after an audit found major failures in investigation of suspicious activity reports. http://www.ncis.gov.uk/press/2003/010703.asp
Brazil's Congress has launched an investigation into money laundering allegations involving senior business and political leaders.
The US Treasury has incorporated the Department of Defense list of the 55 most wanted Iraqi nationals in the Office of Foreign Asset's Control list of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons.
The US State Department has imposed economic sanctions against five Chinese companies and one North Korean firm for selling weapons technology to Iran.
10. Human Rights
The American Servicemembers' Protection Act (ASPA) revokes US military aid to any country that has ratified the International Criminal Court unless they have entered into a bilateral agreement with the US to exempt it from the ICC. The deadline for these agreements was July 1, and the US has already begun to suspend $47 million in aid to a blacklist of 35 countries. These include South Africa (where President Bush will visit on his African tour), the "new Europe" countries of Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Slovenia, and even such a close ally as Colombia is at risk, although most of their aid is tied to drug trafficking. Around 50 countries, often the most vulnerable, have acceded to the US request and signed bilateral agreements. NATO members and other key allies have been exempted from the ruling.
The 1990 International Convention on the protection of the Rights of All migrant Workers and Members of Their Families has come into force as of July 1. 22 states have ratified the convention.
The July 14 edition of The Nation features a forum on "Humanitarian Intervention" that asks twelve contributors to offer their perspective on a humanitarian justification for war. http://www.thenation.com
11. Law and Legal Issues
Zafar Abdul Rahman al-Shihri was arrested in Saudi Arabia in connection with the May 12 suicide bombings.
Rizwan Ahmed Basheer, Asif Zaheer and Mohammad Sohail were sentenced to death for organizing the Sheraton hotel suicide attack last year in Karachi, Pakistan. Sohail was sentenced in absentia as he is not in custody; the other two will appeal.
The defense in the South African trial of 22 alleged Boeremag members has subpoenaed former President de Klerk.
Cheng Chui Ping ("Sister Ping") has pleaded innocent in federal court in New York to charges of human trafficking and money laundering.
Yvan Colonna has been arrested in Corsica, France, in connection with the 1998 murder of Claude Erignac, a regional French official.
Ciaran Cunningham has been charged in Northern Ireland court with collecting information of use to terrorists in connection with an intelligence gathering effort by the Real IRA at a Belfast hospital.
Joseph Fee, Seamus McKenna, and Gregory Trainor have been charged in Irish court for possession of an explosive. They have been denied bail. Eamonn Matthews has been charged in the same incident and also with belonging to an illegal organization.
Hamas has been found liable for more than $116 million for the 1996 deaths of two Jewish settlers in 1996. The decision was reached in US federal court as the result of a lawsuit on the part of the victims' estates.
Idris, suspected in connection with the Bali bombings, has been arrested and detained in Indonesia as he was attempting a bank robbery to fund further attacks.
Iran was found liable for damages in the 1979 American hostages incident. The class action suit by the hostages was settled in US court in the plaintiffs favor because Iran had not answered the case, but following intervention by the US State Department, it was determined that private citizens would not be allowed to seize the property of a foreign government.
Masoud Ahmad Khan was arrested with ten other men accused of terrorist activities related to the Lashkar e Tayyaba separatist group operating in Kashmir. A federal judge reviewing the first four cases ordered the men freed without bail but wearing electronic surveillance devices. The judge suggested the evidence offered was unconvincing and did not merit holding them without bail. On appeal, Mr. Khan was ordered held until trial as a possible flight risk. The other cases have been appealed by the federal prosecutor.
Alieu Kondewa and Moinina Fofanah have pleaded not guilty to eight counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Sierra Leone Special Court. They were pro-government militiamen with the Civil Defense Forces (CDF, "Kamajors").
Zeljko Meakic, a former prison camp commander, has been transferred from Serbia to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to face charges of murder, inhumane acts, cruel treatment, and persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds for actions in the Balkans during the 1990s.
Richard Dale Morrison was charged with assaulting John Walker Lindh ("American Taliban"). Both are in prison in California, US.
The case of Zacarias Moussaoui (the "20th hijacker") will not be delayed while the Justice Department appeals the ruling in favor of giving Moussaoui access to a key prosecution witness.
John Allen Muhammad has been charged in US federal court in Virginia with murder in connection with a multi-state sniping spree. The judge has ruled that Virginia's new anti-terrorism law can be applied to the case, under a provision that allows capital punishment if a killing was intended to intimidate the public or influence the government.
Maryam Rajavi, leader of Mujahedeen e Khalq in France, was freed on bail with nine others arrested in Paris during an anti-terrorism investigation of the group and their Paris headquarters.
Carl Reilly has been arrested in Belfast, Northern Ireland, charged with membership in the Real IRA , possession of explosives, conspiracy to commit an explosion, and intent to endanger life.
Veselin Slijivancanin, former Yugoslav army colonel, has been transferred to the International Criminal Tribunal to face charges of crimes against humanity and other war crimes in connection with activities in Vukovar and other operations in the 1990s.
12. Narco-terrorism
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The Philippines has launched a 3-month war on drugs but has said that unlike a similar campaign in Thailand they would continue to respect human rights.
13. Transportation
The US Department of Homeland Security has issued new rules for maritime security, requiring risk assessments, security systems and staff and training exercises. All domestic ships will be required to carry a transponder that will provide continuous tracking.
14. Weapons of Mass Destruction
The US General Accounting Office has published its testimony on nuclear security at the Department of Energy. It finds serious concerns regarding nuclear storage facilities that are operated by contractors and present targets for sabotage, theft and terrorist attacks. They estimate it will take 2-5 years to accommodate the new threat environment evident since the September 11 attacks.
Kenneth Ackerman "Dark horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of President James A. Garfield" Carroll and Graf
Economist, "Radical thoughts on our 160th birthday: A survey of capitalism and democracy" in the June 29th issue
David Grossman, "Death as a Way of Life: Israel Ten Years After Oslo" Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Chris Hedges, "What Every Person Should Know About War" Free Press
Elinor Levy and Mark Fischetti "The New Killer Diseases: How the Alarming Evolution of Mutant Germs Threatens Us All" Crown
Simon Sebag Montefiore "Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar" Weidenfeld and Nicolson
Charles M. Sennot "Still Divided" series on Northern Ireland and the Good Friday peace process. Boston Globe newspaper http://www.boston.com/globe/goodfriday
Aharon Shabtai "J'Accuse", translated by Peter Cole, New Directions
Edward Tenner, "Our Own Devices: The Past and Future of Body Technology" Alfred A Knopf
FEATURE ARTICLE: Marching Season in Northern Ireland, 1498 - 2003
The earliest recorded parade in Northern Ireland was a Corpus Christi procession reported in 1498. Over time, the number and type of parades grew, including religious, political, social and cultural events designed to commemorate various historical events. Since trouble between the Irish and the British are rooted in a history beginning in 1169, it is not surprising that history is relived in remembrances that can turn violently sectarian.
A quick look at the Parades Commission web site reflects the diversity of the marching season as well as indicating their potentially incendiary nature. The site offers a database of more than 1500 parades, broadly taking place from Easter to early autumn. Although this sounds like a large number for such a small area as Northern Ireland, it is less than half the number seen in the mid-1990s. Loyalist parades overwhelmingly dominate this number.
The Parades Commission is an independent government body that was set up in 1998 to review and monitor parades. As well as reviewing parade routes, mediating potential and actual controversies, and monitoring the events, they also promote parading traditions.
These traditions offer a fascinating variety. One may be a march by a local Loyal Orange Lodge (LOL), a veterans' organization, a residents' or temperance group with 30 - 50 participants and one band. The registration for the Carnmoney District Loyal Orange Lodge No 25 plans 60 bands and 10,000 participants. Newtownbutler LOL plans four bands for a hundred participants and there will be 13 bands and 800 participants for the Lurgan District LOL. The South Down Defenders Flute Band will have 200 marchers and six bands.
Although most parades are celebrations and take place without incident, serious sectarian violence has also occurred. The causes of such violence are reflected in the standard "Guidance for Anyone Participating in Parades". This 'code of conduct' tells participants in parades to " behave with due regard for the rights, traditions and feeling of others in the vicinity" and to "refrain from using words or behaviour which could reasonably be perceived as being intentionally sectarian, provocative, threatening, abusive, insulting or lewd". It bans any paramilitary-style clothing and although "Flags and other displays often have a legitimate historical significance" in no case "should such items relating to a proscribed organization be displayed". Musical instruments also must be free of " any inscription or mark of a proscribed organization".
There are a number of standard terms to cooperate with the police, follow the designated route, not consume alcohol, clearly identify the organization and stewards, and so on. Then there are special requirements:
"Guidance for Anyone Participating in Parades in the Vicinity of Sensitive Locations
A. Places of Worship
Only hymn tunes should be played.
When church services are taking place, no music should be played.
There should be no irreverent behaviour.
Marching should be dignified.
B. War Memorials and Cemeteries
Only hymn tunes should be played.
Behaviour should be respectful.
Marching should be dignified
C. Where the Majority Population of the Vicinity are of a Different Tradition, and in Interface Areas.
Behaviour should be respectful.
There should be no excessively loud drumming.
Participants should refrain from conduct, words, music or behaviour which could reasonably be perceived as intentionally sectarian, provocative, threatening, abusive, insulting or lewd.
Marching should be dignified."
Some of the most serious sectarian incidents have arisen as the result of loyalist parades. The largest of the "Loyal Orders" are the Orange Order and the Apprentice Boys of Derry Both have a long history, dating from the 17th century. The Orange Order, (the larger, with some 75,000 members) rose from loyalists to King William of Orange; the Apprentice Boys from the 13 apprentices who defended the gates of Derry during the siege of 1689. To the Protestants and loyalists, the parades are a measure of a proud history. To the Catholics and republicans, they are sectarian provocations.
The largest Orange parade is on the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. This battle was on July 12, when King William defeated Catholic King James of England. The traditional route of the parade commemorated the battle, walking from Drumcree church in Portadown and passing through Garvaghy Road. Over time this route began to impinge on areas that were increasing populated by Catholics, including Garvaghy Road. Marchers began deliberately to stop outside Catholic churches and loudly play sectarian songs. There were violent attacks against the Catholic residents, reaching fever pitch with the murder of five Catholics in February 1992 that was then celebrated in the summer march.
The Drumcree march has been a source of controversy ever since. It has been blocked, allowed, and rerouted. When it was blocked in 1998 there was widespread violence that spread to the rest of Northern Ireland. Even when rerouted, there has been violence and the security investment including roadblocks and policing has been staggering. The security forces have been themselves targets of violent attacks.
The persistent violence surrounding the Drumcree march has made it a symbol of sectarian divisions, but it is not alone in attracting partisan strife. Similar struggles have occurred with Apprentice Boys parades, exacerbated this year by the discovery that information about their organization may have been acquired by the Irish Republican Army (IRA).
This year, with the Northern Ireland assembly still suspended, there have been efforts to enhance community involvement and attempt to ward off increased tensions during the marching season. A network of volunteers has been organized by the Mediation Network project. Community workers have been given mobile phones to improve contact on both sides and help ward off violence. Local community groups and political and paramilitary organizations have held talks on measures to reduce violence.
Additional Resources:
Conflict Archive on the INternet (CAIN) http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/parade/
Garvaghy Road Residents Coalition http://www.garvaghryroad.org/
Orange Order http://www.orangenet.org/
Parades Commission http://www.paradescommission.org/
TerrorismCentral "Paramilitaries and Peace: Roots of the Northern Ireland Conflict" https://terrorismcentral.com/Newsletters/2002/021702.html
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