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CONTENTS:

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK:

1. World
2. Africa
3. Americas
4. Asia Pacific
5. Europe
6. Middle East
7. South Asia
8. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare
9. Finance
10 Human Rights
11. Law and Legal Issues
12. Transportation
13. Weapons of Mass Destruction
14. Recently Published

FEATURE ARTICLE:
Water Infrastructure Security

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

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1. World

Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania have joined the 19 existing members of NATO. The NATO foreign ministers have agreed to reinforce security at the Athens Olympics and European football championship, better share intelligence, coordinate actions for biological, chemical or nuclear attacks, and enhance support if a NATO member suffers a terrorist attack.

The independent investigation into security failures leading up to the bombing of UN offices in Iraq last year found that the "... combined response to the issue indicates a lethargy that is bordering on gross negligence." As a result, the head of security was dismissed, another senior official demoted, and three staff members penalized. http://www.un.org/News/dh/iraq/SIAP-report.pdf

Cofer Black, US Coordinator for Counterterrorism, testified on " al-Qaeda: The Threat to the United States and Its Allies" http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rm/2004/31018.htm and claimed that al Qaida is under "catastrophic stress".

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2. Africa

US efforts in "Fighting Terrorism in Africa" were the topic for Karl Wycoff, Associate Coordinator, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism in testimony to the US House http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rm/2004/31077.htm

Democratic Republic of Congo's legacy of sexual violence as a weapon of war is the topic of "I have no joy, no peace of mind" published by Medecins Sans Frontieres http://www.msf.org/source/countries/africa/drc/2004/drcreport-nojoy.pdf

Guinea Bissau held its first parliamentary elections since the bloodless coup last fall that deposed Kumba Yala of the Social Renovation Party (PRS). It appears that the African Party for the Independence of Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) has won the largest number of seats and plans to form a government of national unity. PAIGC had been the armed liberation movement that gained independence from Portugal in 1973 and ruled the country until 1999 elections.

Ivory Coast welcomed the first contingent of UN peacekeepers that will ultimately number more than 6,000, following a week of resurgent violence. Security officials claim that the total number killed last week was 37, including two police, but opposition reports put the number closer to 300.

Nigerian authorities are investigating a reported coup attempt and have arrested a number of military officers in connection with their inquiries.

South Africa has begun public distribution of free antiretroviral medications to HIV/AIDS patients in public hospitals.

The government of Sudan denies charges of crimes against humanity against African civilians in Darfur, including indiscriminate bombing, support of ethnic-based militias pitting Arabs against Africans to murder, rape and displace civilians, but reports from a range of sources provide increasing evidence the accusations may be merited. Note
http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/04/02/sudan8389.htm
http://www.crisisweb.org/home/index.cfm?id=2550&l=1
http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=40412

Zimbabwe's economy has sharply declined over the last five years. A new International Monetary Fund report finds "Real GDP has declined by about 30 percent, and is still contracting. Inflation doubled in each of the last three years to reach 600 percent at the end of 2003. This has had dire social consequences: unemployment is high and rising, poverty has doubled since 1995, school enrollment declined to 65 percent in 2003, and the HIV/AIDS pandemic remains largely unchecked". http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2004/pr0467.htm

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3. Americas

Bolivian miner Eustaquio Picachuri blew himself up at the Congress, killing himself and two security officers, and wounding several others, as they tried to negotiate with him. In connection with this, the Bolivian government has changed the pension system to allow more people to get benefits, and put a $1,000 per month ceiling on payments to help control costs.

Brazil marked 40th anniversary of 1964 military coup that led to 20 years of military rule. The National Security Archive obtained newly unclassified documents that demonstrate covert US operations backing "street demonstrations, civic forces and resistance groups". http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/index.htm Brazil has also announced plans to double spending for resettlement of landless peasants, but denies the announcement was linked to a wave of land occupations by the Landless Workers' Movement.

Canada's Auditor General reports on serious flaws in information sharing, border controls, and airport security.
http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/domino/reports.nsf/html/20040303ce.html

Guatemala has announced it will cut the army and military budget by half, in keeping with the 1996 Peace Accords and making the size of the army comparable to other Central American countries.

US President Bush said he " informed the Commission on Terrorist Attacks Against the United States that my National Security Advisor, Dr. Condoleezza Rice, will provide public testimony. I've also advised Chairman Kean and Vice Chairman Hamilton that Vice President Cheney and I will jointly meet with all members of the commission in a private session." http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/03/20040330-7.html

Fifteen detainees held at the US naval base at Guantanamo Bay have been repatriated. They include people from Afghanistan, Iraq, Jordan, Tajikistan, Turkey and Yemen. 595 prisoners are still held without charge.

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4. Asia Pacific

Australia plans to require background checks for users of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, often used in bombs.

Burma plans to free pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi soon and will invite her National League for Democracy party to participate in a conference on the country's future.

Indonesian prisoner Mohamed Nasir Abbas, confessed member of Jemaah Islamiah (JI), claimed in an interview by Malaysian television that the Bali bombing was carried out following a fatwah from Osama bin Laden. Indonesia plans to continue interrogation of jailed cleric Abu Bakar Ba'asyir who is due to leave prison soon. New information has led to the plan to question him under anti-terrorism laws. Ba'asyir denies being the leader of JI.

The Philippine government has agreed to release 32 prisoners associated with the communist National Democratic Front by May 4, as part of mediated peace talks. Four alleged members of militant Islamist group Abu Sayyaf were arrested and explosives seized, foiling what the government said was an attack on the scale of Madrid.

Uzbekistan suffered a series of attacks and explosions this week that killed at least 47 people, including 33 militants and 10 policemen. The government has displayed seized weapons and says it has arrested at least 19 people. They blame the attacks on Islamic militants linked to al Qaeda but the attacks targeted police and there is an active opposition.

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5. Europe

Cyprus' reunification plans are now in the hands of the people, who will vote on it in a referendum on April 24.
An Irish parliamentary committee has recommended a public inquiry into the May 17,1974 bombings in Dublin and Monaghan bombings should be held in the UK, where those responsible were more likely to be found.

Italian police have arrested five suspects allegedly connected to the Revolutionary People's Liberation Army (DHKP-C), a Marxist group responsible for bombings and assassinations in Turkey over the last 20 years. Earlier in the week, a suspected terrorist, Moustafa Chaouki of Morocco, blew up inside his exploding car as he apparently targeted a McDonald's restaurant.

UN envoy for Kosovo Harri Holkeri announced establishment of the Crisis Management Review Body to review the deadly violence earlier this month and to recommend better reactions in future crises. Holkeri also launched Kosovo's Standards Implementation Plan to set specific goals for building democratic institutions, enforcing minority rights, creating a functioning economy, holding free and fair elections and establishing an impartial legal system. http://www.unmikonline.org/index.html

Spanish police intercepted three letter bombs and also found a device on the Madrid-Seville rail line using explosives like those in the March 11 attacks. As investigations continued, police raided an apartment that held four suspects, who blew themselves up, also killing one policeman and injuring 11. The dead include Serhane ben Abdelmajid Farkhet ("The Tunisian" who is suspected of masterminding the Madrid bombings.

British police announced the arrest of eight men "on suspicion of being concerned in the commission, preparation or instigation of acts of terrorism". Half a ton of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, a common ingredient in bombs, was seized. http://www.met.police.uk/pns/DisplayPN.cgi?pn_id=2004_0041

The Corey reports have been released to the public. These review four murders allegedly carried out with the collusion of security services. These are: Billy Wright who was shot inside high security Maze prison; Robert Hamill who was kicked to death although a police vehicle was nearby; Rosemary Nelson was killed by a bomb after receiving threatening letters from police; and Pat Finucane was shot in front of his family. The first three will be dealt with in public inquiries but in the Finucane case an inquiry has been delayed until after other legal actions are completed. In a controversial response, Ulster Unionist leader David Trimble suggested that an inquiry was unwise because Nelson and Finucane had terrorist connections that would be uncovered by an inquiry. http://www.nio.gov.uk/press/040401a.htm

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6. Middle East

In the Gaza Strip, Palestinian faction leaders have met to discuss Israel's proposed withdrawal. The UN relief agency responsible for food aid to 600,000 refugees in Gaza has suspended deliveries because it says new Israeli restrictions have made it impossible to distribute supplies. During the week, gunfights and incursions led to at least four Palestinian deaths.

Iran has decided to set up a uranium conversion facility. The US has imposed sanctions against 13 companies based in Belarus, China, Macedonia, North Korea, Russia, Taiwan, and the United Arab Emirates, for selling equipment to Iran that it says can be used for making biological, chemical or nuclear weapons.

The situation in Iraq took a turn for the worse this week. It began with a friendly fire incident during fighting in Nasiriya that killed ten US marines. A suicide bomber outside the house of a police chief killed the bomber and wounded seven. Five coalition soldiers were killed as they drove over an improvised explosive in Al-Anbar. Then there were a series of attacks in Falluja, culminating in a car bomb in Baquba that killed 15 Iraqis and the killing and mutilation of four US civilian contractors. The security concerns that followed this attack led to the cancellation of a major trade fair. Continued attacks killed more occupation troops, police, and civilians. And the week ended when at least 20 people, including four soldiers from El Salvador and two from Iraq, were killed during clashes that followed a Shia demonstration and march on the Spanish-led base in Najaf. Meanwhile, a team of UN experts is in discussions with the Interim governing Council regarding the June 30 handover of power from the US administration.

In the West Bank a teenage Hamas gunman killed an Israeli settler and injured his daughter before he was killed. Israeli defense operations in Nablus killed one Palestinian in Nablus and a 16-year-old in Bethlehem.

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7. South Asia

Afghanistan's unprecedented increase in opium production, coupled with continued insecurity and lack of funding, could turn the country into a narco-terrorist state. A recent donor pledge gathered only $8.2 billion in the coming 2-4 years, only a fraction of what is needed although higher than last year

In Nepal, clashes between police and at least 25,000 pro-democracy demonstrators continued for the last four days. At least 140 people have been injured.

In Pakistan, gunmen attacked a police station and shot dead five. One of the attackers was also killed. Police suspect Islamic militants.

Sri Lankan election results indicate that President Kumaratunga's party will form the next government.

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8. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare

A hacker group has been publicly released proof-of-concept code that exploits nine previous vulnerabilities in various Cisco products. http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/707/cisco-sn-20040326-exploits.shtml

The Computing Technology Industry Association released a new survey that finds human error the cause of most information technology security breaches, with " 84 percent of organizations on nearly 900 organizations who participated in this year’s survey blamed human error either wholly or in part for their last major security breach. Last year, human error was cited as the cause of 63 percent of security breaches". http://www.comptia.org/pressroom/get_news_item.asp?id=424

Donna A. Bucella, Director of the Terrorist Screening Center (TSC), testified to the US House on the missions and objectives of the TSC. http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress04/bucella032504.htm

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9. Finance

The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have agreed on enhanced efforts against money laundering and terrorist financing. They have issued a report of the pilot AML /CFT program and a report on assessing compliance with FATF recommendations. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2004/pr0470.htm

Canada's Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre (Fintrac) uncovered 29 cases of suspected terrorist financing involving $35 million in April - December 2003, significantly more than the 22 cases for $22 million in all of 2002-3. http://www.canada.com/national/story.html?id=fed93270-ce1b-4137-bb71-77ded1a27c4a
http://www.fintrac.gc.ca/intro_e.asp

The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates that last year's opium production in Afghanistan generated $1 billion for farmers and $1.3 billion for traffickers, which is equivalent to half the country's income.
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/press_release_2004-03-31_1.html"

Global Witness finds that "Major United States (US) and international retailers selling diamond jewellery are falling short on their promises to combat the trade in conflict diamonds" in their report "Broken Vows: Exposing the 'Loupe' Holes in the Diamond Industry's Efforts to Prevent the Trade in Conflict Diamonds". http://www.globalwitness.org/reports/show.php/en.00050.html

FinCEN urges cooperation against use of diamond and precious metals trade to support terrorist financing: http://www.fincen.gov/dubaipressstmnt.pdf
http://www.fincen.gov/dubaiconferenceaddress.pdf

An FBI investigation is described in "Money Launderers Take a 'Powder': International Investigation Targets Colombian Drug Traffickers' Ill-Gotten Gains". http://www.fbi.gov/page2/march04/powder032404.htm

An investigation by the European Union's anti-fraud office (OLAF) has found no evidence that aid has not been diverted to Palestinian militants. http://europa.eu.int/comm/anti_fraud/index_en.html
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/411538.html

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10. Human Rights

The International Court of Justice has ruled that the US violated the rights of 51 Mexicans on death row in US prisons because they were not told of their rights to consular assistance. http://212.153.43.18/icjwww/icj002.htm
http://212.153.43.18/icjwww/ipresscom/ipress2004/ipresscom2004-16_mus_20040331.htm

The US state of Nebraska has changed their electric chair execution process to use one long does instead of four bursts. They are the only US state that uses electrocution as the only method of execution.

The UN Commission on Human Rights warns of a worldwide increase in the arbitrary use of force, summary executions, and torture. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/hrcn1069.doc.htm

The UN representative for freedom of expression delivered a report demonstrating that the fight against terrorism could threaten free expression. He pointed to attacks against journalists and trade unionists and the increasing concentration of media groups. Future reports will look at political influence leading to corruption and impunity and discrimination for disadvantaged groups. http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/D89D24041514FA45C1256E690055C1EA?opendocument

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11. Law and Legal Issues

Former Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide has filed a lawsuit against French and US officials for allegedly kidnapping him.

Mohan Baidya (a senior leader) and Narayan Bikram Pradhan (his assistant) of the Nepalese Maoist the Bharatiya Nepali Jatiya Ganatantrick Morcha (BNJGM) have been remanded into custody in Siliguri, West Bengal, India.

Redendo Cain Dellosa, Alhamser Manatad Limbong, Radzmar Sangkula Jul, Abdulrasid Lim were arrested in the Philippines. They are alleged members of Abu Sayyaf, connected to Jemaah Islamiah, and suspected of a number of actual and attempted explosions, kidnappings, and other attacks.

Miroslav Deronjic, a former Bosnian Serb politician has been sentenced to 10 years prison for ordering the burning down of Bosnian Muslim village of Glogova in Serbia, in 1992, that killed 60 people.

Felix Ignacio Esparza, alleged logistics chief of Basque separatist group ETA and alleged former ETA leader Felix Alberto Lopez were arrested in a joint operation by French and Spanish police in southwest France.

Alan Robert Ferguson, Stephen Walker, Robert Warnock and Jamie Clarke were sentenced in Northern Ireland to 4-5 months prison for displaying loyalist paramilitary flags.

Thuan Huy Ha and My-Huong Thi Hoang were convicted of multiple counts of mail fraud and money laundering arising from a bogus prescription scam. http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/cac/pr2004/038.html

Luke Helder, accused of planting pipe bombs in mailboxes in a smiley-face shape around the mid-western US, was declared incompetent to stand trial in federal court in Iowa. He will undergo additional psychiatric evaluations.

Mohammed Momin Khawaja was Charges in Canada with aiding a terrorist group and facilitating terrorist activity in Canada and England.

The International Court of Justice has ruled that the US violated the rights of 51 Mexicans on death row in US prisons because they were not told of their rights to consular assistance.

Darko Mrdja was sentenced to 17 years in prison, by the UN Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, for the cliff-top massacre of more than 200 men in August 1992

Daniel Nicherie of Brussels, Belgium was indicted on 25 counts of wire fraud, 13 counts of money laundering, two counts of bankruptcy fraud, one count of pension fraud and one count of criminal forfeiture in a California court. http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/cac/pr2004/042.html

Hasan Abdullah al-Turabi, leader of Sudanese opposition party the Popular National Congress, has been arrested for alleged involvement in a coup plot.

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12. Transportation

The US Department of Homeland Security, following similar warnings in Europe last week, has warned of bombs hidden in luggage could attack buses and railways.

An inquiry into the double suicide bombing at the Ashdod port in Israel led to the suspension of a technician who allowed a container to pass that contained a false panel disguising the two bombers. It was also recommended that security guards review training, use additional staff, and install electronic instruments for additional security. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/410453.html

The US General Accounting Office (GAO) released "Homeland Security: Summary of Challenges Faced in Targeting Oceangoing Cargo Containers for Inspection". They find that the Automated Targeting System used to identify high risk cargoes for screening needs to use a comprehensive risk assessment and recognized modeling practices to ensure the best methodology. They also need to address safety concerns regarding inspection equipment. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-557T

Another GAO report finds "Improvements Still Needed in Federal Aviation Security Efforts", pointing to delays in CAPPS II, hiring challenges, problems with the Federal Air Marshal Service, and other technical and security concerns such as missiles, perimeter and access controls, and air cargo. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-592T

The US Bush Administration has asked Congress to pass legislation to extend for two years, the October 26\ deadline for Visa Waiver Program (VWP) countries to have machine readable, biometric passports. In the interim, Homeland Security will begin processing visitors traveling under the VWP in US-VISIT beginning by September 30, at air and sea ports of entry. This means that travelers from long-running US allies like the UK will have their two index fingers scanned and a digital photograph taken. http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/display?content=3425
http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/editorial/editorial_0333.xml

Reports from the Swedish Migration Board identify that some five percent of fingerprints are not legible for identification of asylum seekers, some of which had been deliberately mutilated to prevent identification. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3593895.stm

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13. Weapons of Mass Destruction

Mexico has become the 82nd country to sign the Additional Protocol for strengthened nuclear safeguards.

A redacted version of a report on the 2001 anthrax letter attacks in the US has been released. The full report has long been withheld by the Pentagon, but indicates serious problems in dealing with bioterrorism. http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/cbw/dtra02.pdf

The US Central Intelligence Agency's Special Advisor for Strategy regarding Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Programs testified to Congress:
http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/2004/tenet_testimony_03302004.html

The US General Accounting Office finds that the Chemical Demilitarization Program, charged with destroying over 31,000 tons of stockpiled chemical agents, continues to fall behind schedule due to operational incidents, environmental permit issues, emergency preparedness issues, and lack of funding. The April 2004 deadline to destroy 45 percent will not be met and it is unlikely to meet the extended program deadline of December 2007.
http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-634T

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14. Recently Published

Zbigniew Brzezinski "The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership" Basic Books

Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit "Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies" Penguin Press

Moses Isegawa "Snakepit" Knopf (novel about Uganda)

Ben Macintyre, "The Man Who Would Be King: The First American in Afghanistan" Farrar, Straus and Giroux

Wes McKinley and Caron Balkany "The Ambushed Grand Jury: How the Justice Department Covered Up Government Nuclear Crime: And How We Caught Them Red Handed" Apex Press

Robert O. Paxton "The Anatomy of Fascism" Knopf; Penguin/Allen Lane

Julia Preston and Samuel Dillon "Opening Mexico: The Making of a democracy" Farrar, Straus and Giroux

George Soros, "The Bubble of American Supremacy" Public Affairs

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FEATURE ARTICLE: Water Infrastructure Security

Following last week's World Water Day feature on "Water and Disasters" we turn attention to the prevention of manmade disasters with a look at securing the water infrastructure.

Water systems include "Sources of water, reservoirs, and holding facilities, aqueducts and other transport systems, the filtration, cleaning and treatment systems, the pipelines, the cooling systems and other delivery mechanisms that provide for domestic and industrial applications, including systems for dealing with water runoff, waste water, and firefighting" (1).

As the disruption of these systems could have a serious impact on national economic and social welfare and national security, they are considered part of the critical infrastructure and therefore deserving of special protection. In common with other critical infrastructure sectors in the US, the majority of these assets are privately held. The government has, however, prepared guidelines and policies to help both the public and private sector secure these crucial resources. In general, this support includes a) advice for analyzing vulnerabilities, b) using a risk management approach to secure the vulnerabilities, c) monitoring and reporting, d) responding to incidents and e) in some cases providing federal funding or grants.

Analyzing Vulnerabilities:
The main threats to the water infrastructure come from disasters, vandalism, and terrorism that cause disruption or destruction of the physical and digital systems or contamination of the source. Intentional contamination of drinking water, particularly with waterborne pathogens, has been given particular intention following actual both actual attempts and intelligence gleaned during terrorism investigations. However, the volume of water stored so dilutes potential agents it would be difficult to achieve significant concentrations of such agents. Physical attacks against facilities including dams, reservoirs, and so on, could be highly disruptive. Cyber attacks are also a threat, since they are used for the control systems. Again, this is more difficult and generally less destructive than traditional physical targets.

Another serious area of vulnerabilities is in the interconnections with other industries. Most significant of these has been the August 2003 electric power grid failure that affected large areas of the Northeast and Midwest US and parts of Canada. One of the more serious side effects of the lack of electricity was the impact on water and waste treatment and led to serious consideration of the need for multiple power sources and backup power systems. It also raised serious issues regarding communication with public authorities and customers.

Vulnerability assessments help identify the susceptibility of a particular threat, which varies depending on whether the supply is ground or surface water, the type of transmission, treatment and distribution systems, the surrounding community, and so on. Once the characteristics of the water system are understood, the assessment would move on to identify threats, assets that might be threatened, the likelihood of a threat occurring, and establishing priorities based on this information. Next, one would evaluate countermeasures in place, analyze current risks, and determine ways to reduce the risks.

System Security:
Physical protection of the water infrastructure is of primary importance. All facilities, including treatment plants, reservoirs, dams, water storage facilities and towers, pumping stations, water intake and treatment facilities, meters and valve boxes, need perimeter protection including fencing and good lighting, supported by surveillance. Access to distribution systems including fire hydrants and other local sources needs to be tamperproof.

Physical asset monitoring and control products include, for example:
Exterior Intrusion Buried-Sensors
Fences
Films for Glass Shatter Protection
Fire Hydrant Locks
Ladder Access Control
Locks
Manhole Locks
Visual Surveillance Monitoring
Redundant facilities and support services, including offsite storage and redundant utilities
The supervisory control and data acquisition systems used for water infrastructure must also be secure. It is recommended they not be connected to the internet and that strong access control and security systems be in place. Background checks for key employees are also recommended.

Products for protecting water infrastructure intangibles include, for example
Anti-virus and other filtering software
Firewalls
Network intrusion hardware and software
Identity verification and management
Records management and business continuity programs, including offsite backups

Monitoring and Reporting:
Near real-time monitoring is important to quickly detect contaminants in treated drinking water that is ready for consumption. Regular monitoring of all other security systems is also essential. In addition, it's important to review, test and update the vulnerability analysis, emergency plans, and so on.

Sharing experience is also important. The WaterISAC is a secure portal that provides:
"Alerts on potential terrorist activity
Information on water security from federal homeland security, intelligence, law enforcement, public health and environment agencies
Databases of chemical, biological and radiological agents
Physical vulnerabilities and security solutions
Notification of cyber vulnerabilities and technical fixes
Research, reports and other information
A secure means for reporting security incidents
Vulnerability assessment tools and resources
Emergency preparedness and response resources
Secure electronic bulletin boards and chat rooms on security topics
Summaries of open-source security information" (from WaterISAC Fact Sheet)

Products particular to water monitoring include:
Sensors for Monitoring Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Contamination
Chlorine Measurement Systems
Total Organic Carbon Analyzers
Toxicity Monitoring/Toxicity Meter
Biochemical Oxygen Demand measurements
Biological and Chemical Sensors for Toxicity

Incident Response:
For individuals: If you see people dumping material in a reservoir, attempting to enter facilities, tampering with manhole covers or other devices, climbing tanks, loitering, or other suspicious activities, contact the local authorities. Identify yourself and where you are, then describe the incident including any vehicle or people involved.

For Companies: Prepare an emergency response plan. Make sure employees are trained and have necessary information and contacts at their fingertips. Collaborate with local police, emergency, and public health services. Secure physical facilities, lock access points, and provide good lighting. Identify alternative supplies and maximize the use of backflow prevention devices and interconnections. Make sure emergency communication plans and procedures are in place and regularly tested and updated.

For Law Enforcement: Know where the water systems are and the people who operate them. Know the chemicals in use and emergency response procedures for each. Work with the community and respond, investigate, and report every incident. Notify the public of communication and emergency response plans. Keep watch for suspicious activities. Know the Homeland Security Advisory System response steps.

Funding:
At the federal level in the US, three main funding mechanisms have been provided. In 2002 and 2003, Water Counter-Terrorism Grants were provided to states and territories to support coordination among government and other organizations and to provide technical assistance and training. In 2002 grants were provided to 449 public and private drinking water systems that serve more than 100,000 people to assist in developing a vulnerability assessment, an emergency response/operating plan, and security enhancement plans and designs. Ongoing funding for security measures or Clean Water State Revolving Funds. Research and development funding for certain technologies may also be funded under government programs.

Further Reading:

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