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CONTENTS:

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK:

1. World
2. Africa
3. Americas
4. Asia Pacific
5. Europe
6. Middle East
7. South Asia
8. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare
9. Finance
10 Human Rights
11. Law and Legal Issues
12. Transportation
13. Weapons of Mass Destruction
14. Recently Published

FEATURE ARTICLE:
Viruses part II: HIV/AIDS and Global Conflict

NEWS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

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1. World

The UN has launched the annual Consolidated humanitarian Appeal, seeking to raise $3 billion to save 45 million lives in 21 countries. Secretary-General Kofi Annan emphasized the pragmatic necessity to support international security: "A world where, amid increasing global prosperity, millions still live in desperate conditions will not be a world at peace. Indeed timely aid to those who need it most can do much to help prevent conflict". http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=646 Using the theme "Hear Our Voices" has put the focus on the people being helped. See their stories at http://www.un.org/depts/ocha/cap/voices.html

The Kedo international consortium established to build nuclear plants in North Korea has suspended the project for one year, effective December 1. http://www.kedo.org/news_detail.asp?NewsID=13

In Iraq, Operation Iraqi Freedom has given way to Operation Iron Hammer, described by Lieutenant General Sanchez as a war against insurgents. Six months ago, US President Bush declared that "major combat" was over and nearly 300 Americans and perhaps as many a ten times that number of Iraqis have been killed. As rocket attacks in Baghdad, against hotels and the oil ministry, were launched from donkey carts, and attacks against Turkey opened a "new front" in the "war on terror", Bush was on a carefully crafted state visit to the UK. Amid unprecedented levels of security, he avoided the thousands of protesters. Bush gave a speech reiterating his case for war in Iraq, but not before Parliament (for fear of a repetition of the heckling experienced in Australia), winning few, if any, converts.

Two recent articles discuss the impact of the decision to disband the Iraqi army and its subsequent effects:
George Packer "War After the War" The New Yorker, November 24, 2003
Peter Slevin, "Wrong Turn at a Postwar Crossroads?" Washington Post, November 20

On a different note, the UN Oil-for-Food program has ended after seven years. In its place, operational responsibility for managing the humanitarian projects funded by oil revenues has been transferred to the Coalition Provisional Authority.
http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/ik404.doc.htm

November 14 was marked as the International Day of Tolerance.

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2. Africa

Recovery efforts in Angola including refugee repatriation and the demobilization and reintegration of former UNITA rebels has been hampered by land mines and unexploded ordnance left over from decades of war, as well as lack of infrastructure and poor rural governance.

Burundi's peace agreement that includes a power-sharing government has been postponed. The Forces for the Defense of Democracy (FDD) signed the accord and were due to join the government, but it has not completed the requirements to demobilize fighters and convert into a political party. In continued sporadic fighting last week, 17 people were killed in fighting between the rebel National Liberation Forces (FNL) and the government. The FNL has not joined the peace plan.

Central Africa Republic's first post-independence president, David Dacko, has died. At the time of his death, he was involved in national reconciliation talks.

November 18 was the 25th anniversary of the Jonestown massacre in Guyana, in which 925 members of an American cult led by Jim Jones were killed or joined in a mass suicide.

The Eritrea/Ethiopia border is the subject of a report published in Irinnews on November 20. http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=37990

Ivory Coast rebels that control the north of the country have declared a state of emergency following accusations that the government is preparing to attack them. There have been no breakthroughs in the peace talks and there is widespread fear that civil war will break out again.

Kenya's efforts to combat corruption have paid off as the International Monetary Fund has resumed aid. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2003/pr03201.htm

Nigerian naval forces have been deployed to offshore waters after tribal militants seized two oil platforms owned by ChevronTexaco, taking several workers hostage.

South Africa has approved a plan to begin offering anti-retroviral therapy to people with AIDS. This move had been long-delayed and was warmly welcomed, but treatments will not begin for several weeks yet. South Africa has the highest number of HIV/AIDS infections, with some 600 deaths every day.

Ugandan rebels of the Lord's Resistance Army hacked or clubbed to death more than 50 people in several villages. The numbers of injured and abducted is unknown. The Ugandan army says it has killed at least 12 of the rebels. UN agencies operating in the north, where the worst atrocities are occurring, are expanding their activities to deal with the dramatic increase in humanitarian needs.

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3. Americas

An outline of the direction in which the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas could be implemented has been agreed by the 34 states involved. They completed their discussions a day early. Anti-globalization protesters demonstrated against the treaty, with dozens injured as the main march turned violent.

Haiti commemorated the 200th anniversary of the beginning of the world's first successful slave rebellion.

Haiti has faced serious anti-government protests, controlled by the police. Legislative elections have been delayed and key institutional reforms have not yet been implemented. Scott Wilson describes the risks in "Armed Attacks Increase pressure on Haitian Leader", Washington Post, November 18.

Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo has apologized on behalf of the nation for the political violence of 1980-2000 in which as many as 60,000 people were killed, nearly a third by government forces and the rest by Shining Path and other guerilla groups.

The US Department of State has issued another worldwide caution emphasizing the continued threat of terrorism. They say, "We expect Al-Qaida will strive for new attacks designed to be more devastating than the September 11 attack, possibly involving nonconventional weapons such as chemical or biological agents. We also cannot rule out that Al-Qaida will attempt a second catastrophic attack within the U.S." http://travel.state.gov/wwc1.html

The Department of Homeland Security issued a similar warning, including "possible threats against U.S. interests during the Muslim holiday, Ramadan, and the upcoming holiday season". The "threat level" indicator remains at yellow. http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/press_release/press_release_0300.xml

November 22 is the 40th anniversary of the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy.

In New York, the finalists of the World Trade Center memorial site competition have been announced. http://www.wtcsitememorial.org/

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4. Asia Pacific

US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld ended a visit to Asia in which he discussed US troop redeployments,

Cambodia's world heritage site at Angkor has benefited from initial reconstruction and development projects and is now extending to projects that will benefit the local community. Progress includes an agreement to stop pillage. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php@URL_ID=17265&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

China has warned Taiwan against any efforts towards formal independence, a movement Taiwan's President Chen Shui-bian has seemed to adopt as part of his re-election bid.

In Indonesia's Aceh province, a new group called the People's Anti-Separatist Front (Berantas) was formed, opposing the National Commission on Human Rights. The Indonesian military, who is continuing operations against the separatist Free Aceh Movement (GAM), has endorsed Berantas. This has raised fears of militias similar to those seen in East Timor.
http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/17/1069027046338.html?from=storyrhs
http://www.indomedia.com/serambi/2003/11/131103h12.htm (Indonesian)

Indonesia's Sulawesi province has seen more violence between Christians and Muslims. Two men were found dead, and security forces put on alert.

Indonesian and Philippine security forces are investigating regional terrorist networks following investigations and testimony connected to the arrest of Jemaah Islamiah operations chief Taufiq Rifqi. Note Alan Sipress and Ellen Nakashima's article "Al Qaeda Affiliate Training Indonesians On Philippine Island" in The Washington Post, November 17. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A49680-2003Nov16.html

South Korea is featured in a Special Report by the Financial Times http://www.ft.com/southkorea2003

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5. Europe

Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze has resigned amid massive protests over recent election results. He had declared a state of emergency after the opposition seized key offices, including the parliament and presidential offices, but the defense ministry said it would not use force to uphold it.

Greek police dispersed anarchists demonstrating on the 30th anniversary of the student uprising that was crushed by the military dictatorship, killing 24. There were incidents of gasoline bombs and rocks thrown at officers guarding the US embassy. http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid=36370

A group of Italian anti-war militants called the Antiimperialista is raising funds for the Iraqi Patriotic Opposition, admitting the money may be used to purchase weapons. http://www.antiimperialista.com/en/ This initiative follows the deaths of 19 Italian policemen in Iraq last week.

Italian authorities are acting against suspected Islamic militants. They are deporting Fall Turin Mamour, a controversial imam from Senegal, and seven other immigrants.

In Chechnya, Russia, a spate of rebel attacks and land mines in the space of 24-hours killed ten and wounded more than 30.

Serbians again turned out for elections in numbers too small to choose a president. This was the third time in just over a year that filed to meet the 50 percent minimum.

In the Spanish province of Catalonia, local elections demonstrated strong support for the pro-independence Catalan Republican Left (CRL) party. Spanish police arrested 12 suspected leaders of Basque separatist group ETA.

Istanbul, Turkey, was the scene of two coordinated suicide bombings against the British consulate and HSBC bank, in which at least 28 people were killed and more than 400 injured. As with the two synagogue bombings last Saturday, the Islamic Great Eastern Raiders' Front (IBDA-C) has claimed responsibility. An al-Qaeda-linked group, Abu Hafz al-Masri Brigades, has also claimed responsibility. Four serious attacks in five days have led to international concern about the escalating threats.

Turkish police stormed a courthouse to release judges held hostage by supporters of Kurdish leader Abdullah Ocalan, founder of the former Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). Turkey is featured in a Special Report in the Financial Times http://www.ft.com/turkey2003

In Britain, US President Bush's visit was accompanied by unprecedented security but nonetheless a journalist was able to work as a footman at Buckingham Palace for two months, with access to both the Queen and the President. He used false references when hired. A security review is under way. Demonstrators protesting against Bush and the war in Iraq went on throughout the visit, culminating with a protest of up to 200,000 people.

The University of Ulster hosted a program that looked at how Northern Ireland's experience in emerging from conflict could provide a model for the Middle East. http://www.ulst.ac.uk/news/releases/2003/967.html

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6. Middle East

The UN Security Council approved a Russian resolution that endorsed the Middle East roadmap that has been stalled and close to collapse. It calls for all parties to fulfill their obligations. A summary of the latest Security Council briefing is at http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sc7923.doc.htm Meanwhile, the Geneva Accords plan is being pushed forward by its designers, leading to protests from both Palestinian militants and Israeli conservatives.

Iran's nuclear program was assessed in a report to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The report finds a pattern of concealment spanning many years, but no evidence as yet of a secret weapons program. They emphasize that this is a work in progress and that "in view of Iran's past record of concealment, we expect that it will take some time and much verification effort before confidence can be built and the conclusion reached that Iran's programme has been fully declared and is exclusively for peaceful purposes". http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2003/ebsp2003n025.html
Following this report, the US suggested action should be taken against Iran, while the EU wants to let the process continue. As a result, Iran is waiting to sign additional agreements until it finds whether or not it will face harsh punishments for past offenses.

The Israeli military has admitted it lied about a rocket attack on a refugee camp in Gaza last month. The attack killed at least 10 Palestinians and injured 55. The army had said the missiles fired were not able to cause so much damage but it now emerges that this was an attempt to hide operational details. This matter and other incidents are being investigated. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/362231.html, http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/363546.html

A Jordanian truck driver fired into a crowd crossing into Israel, killing one foreign tourist and injuring four.

Saudi Arabia is featured in "Shifting Sands", an excellent documentary by US public radio station WBUR's Inside Out team. http://www.insideout.org/documentaries/shiftingsands/

Saudi cleric Sheikh Ali al-Khudair, jailed for supporting Islamic extremism, has withdrawn his support for al-Qaeda-linked militants and condemned recent bomb attacks against residential targets.

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7. South Asia

Afghanistan's international aid community has continued to pull back its presence in the face of repeated attacks, with 28 killed in little more than six months. UN de-miners suspended operations in Ghazni following a carjacking and beating. The UN refugee agency has pulled out 30 staff members and closed refugee reception centers in four provinces. This followed three attacks last week, including one murder. A resurgent Taliban and al Qaeda have led the US to up operations in remote regions.

In the Indian state of Assam, violence between the Assamese and Hindu-speaking Biharis resulted in the deaths of more than 40 in the past week. Troops have been deployed to stop the outbreaks of violence, a curfew was imposed, and more than 350 people have been arrested.

Pakistan has renewed bans on three Islamic organizations that had previously been banned under other names. They are:
* Sipah-e-Sahab-ye now called Millat-e Islamia Pakistan (MIP), a Sunni militant group associated with many attacks against Shias
* Tahrik-e Ja'faria Pakistan now named Islami Tahrik-e Pakistan (ITP) is a Shia group linked to Sajik Ali Naqvi, responsible for attacks against Sunnis
* Jaish-e-Muhammad, now with two offshoots called Khudam-ul Islam and Tanzeem ul-Furqan, accused of violence in Kashmir and the December 2001 raid on the Indian parliament.

The political crisis in Sri Lanka continued during the week following the reopening of parliament on Wednesday. Discussions between the president and prime minister continue, with the suggestion that the president will participate in the peace process with the Tamil Tiger rebels.

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8. Cyberterrorism and Information Warfare

The European Union is establishing the European Network and Information Security Agency to help coordinate efforts against cybercrime. http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2005/all_about/security/text_en.htm

The US Department of Justice has announced " the arrests or convictions of more than 125 individuals and the return of over 70 indictments in a coordinated nationwide enforcement operation designed to crack down on the leading types of online economic crime". http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2003/November/03_crm_638.htm Examples of the cases are at http://www.fbi.gov/cyber/cysweep/cysweep1.htm

Former US cybersecurity advisor Howard Schmidt has formed the Global Council of Chief Security Officers to better communicate security threats and support the role of a CSO. http://www.csocouncil.org/

Secure Science Corporation provides details of a phishing scheme against Citibank in "Banking Scam Revealed" http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1745

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9. Finance

Myanmar Mayflower Bank and Asia Wealth Bank are the first foreign financial institutions designated by the US Treasury Secretary as being of “primary money laundering concern” due to alleged links to narcotics trafficking organizations in Southeast Asia. http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/js1014.htm

Following the report on Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Congo, (https://terrorismcentral.com/Newsletters/2003/110203.html#FeatureArticle), the UN Security Council has "condemned the continuing exploitation of those resources". They issued a statement that encourages "States, trade organizations and specialized bodies to monitor the trade in raw materials" and calls for "prompt re-establishment of State authority throughout the country". http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sc7925.doc.htm
The BBC obtained sections of the report that had not been published. See Caroline Pare's article at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3281903.stm

The US FBI has charged 47 currency traders of fraud and other criminal activities in foreign exchange markets uncovered during an 18-month investigation called Operation Wooden Nickel. http://www.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel03/wooden111903.htm

The 2003 National Money Laundering Strategy was published by the US Treasury. Read it at http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/reports/js10102.pdf and see if you think they have addressed the issues raised in https://terrorismcentral.com/Newsletters/2003/110903.html#FeatureArticle

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10. Human Rights

In 1993, the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993 confirmed the universality of human rights and adopted the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action. Ten years later, the UN Fund for Women highlighted the part of that declaration that called violence against women a violation of their rights and freedoms, with a new program "Not a Minute More" http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/november25/

The US relaunched a campaign to capture those suspected of leading the Rwandan genocide. Of 14 suspects, only four have been captured. http://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/warcrimes/rwanda_cover_page.htm

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11. Law and Legal Issues

Maisuri Haji Abdullah, Mayahi Haji Doloh, Waemahadi Wae-dao and Samarn Wakaji are on trial in Thailand for alleged membership in Jemaah Islamiah and conspiracy to attack foreign interests in Singapore and Thailand.

Mark Grouley, Thomas McCrea, John Miller, George Gilmore, Thompson Gilmore and Glen Coulter Murray have been charged in British court with membership of the Ulster Defense Association (UDA) and various other charges including malicious wounding, criminal damage, and explosives.

Sheik Mohammed Ali Hassan Moayad and his assistant Mohammed Mohsen Yahya Zayed were extradited from Germany and have now been arraigned in New York court on charges of providing material support to al Qaeda. http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2003/November/03_crm_625.htm

Defense attorney Lynn Stewart and two colleagues face new charges of conspiracy. The charges rose in connection with her communications as the attorney for Omar Abdel Rahman, in prison on terrorism-related charges. Similar allegations against Stewart had been dismissed in July.

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12. Transportation

Cargo shipping in and out of the US is now subject to new rules for reporting and inspection. Customs and Border Protection now requires advance presentation of manifest information to identify shipments presenting potential risk. http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/press_release/press_release_0299.xml
http://www.cbp.gov

In addition, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has implemented random inspection of air cargo.
http://www.tsa.gov/public/display?theme=44&content=0900051980069c15

The US General Accounting Office has produced another report on Aviation Security, looking at "Efforts to Measure Effectiveness and Strengthen Security Programs". They find that TSA is in the process of collecting performance data, and in strengthening training and oversight programs. It faces challenges related to implementing the Computer-Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS II) and related issues of privacy and international cooperation; physical security; cargo screening and security; funding and other areas. http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-04-285T

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13. Weapons of Mass Destruction

Promises to secure nuclear, biological and chemical materials are falling short according to The Global Partnership Update. http://www.sgpproject.org/publications/GP_update_2_&_Supplemental.pdf
The international consortium points to a dangerous gap between the growth of the problem and the level of funding provided.

The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases has begun human testing of an experimental vaccine against the Ebola virus. Ebola kills up to 90 percent of those infected and there is no effective treatment. Although transmitted by blood, there is concern that it could be altered to spread through air and used as a biological agent of war. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/releases/ebolahumantrial.htm\

MIT's Technology Review magazine explains how bomb scanners work in the Visualize section of the December/January issue

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is soliciting public comment on a rule change that would allow low-level radioactive waste to be stored in ordinary landfills. http://www.epa.gov/radiation/larw

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14. Recently Published

James Bovard "Terrorism and Tyranny: Trampling Freedom, Justice, and Peace to Rid the World of Evil" Palgrave

John Cornwell "Hitler's Scientists: Science, War, and the Devil's Pact" Viking

David Grossman, "Death as a Way of Life: Israel Ten Years After Oslo" Farrar, Straus, and Giroux

David Maraniss "They Marched Into Sunlight: War and Peace, Vietnam and America, October 1967" Simon and Schuster

Frederick Schauer, "Profiles, Probabilities and Stereotypes" Belknap/Harvard University Press

Raja Shehadeh, "When the Birds Stopped Singing: Life in Ramallah Under Siege" Steerforth Press

Mamie Till-Mobley and Christopher Benson "Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America" Random House

Scott Turow "Ultimate Punishment: A Lawyer's Reflections on Dealing with the Death Penalty" Farrar, Straus, and Giroux

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FEATURE ARTICLE: Viruses part II: HIV/AIDS and Global Conflict

The shocking growth of the HIV/AIDS pandemic poses a major threat to global security.

Picture yourself walking down the street and knowing that one of every three people you see will die from this infection. This reflects the experience of large civilian populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Picture eight out of ten people dying and understand that this is the impact of AIDS in some of the worst international conflict zones.

HIV/AIDS has caused a large and growing number of people around the world to abandon a normal way of life. Beginning with Africa and rapidly spreading throughout Asia, this crisis threatens not only individuals under a long and painful death sentence but also entire countries. Its destabilizing force is widespread:
* Leading to economic decline by reducing growth and productivity, weakening governance, and destroying human capital as well as reducing investment capital
* Breaking down the entire structure of communities and dramatically altering life expectancy and the structure of populations
* Threatening basic needs such as food and healthcare and putting stress on basic social systems
* Creating personal insecurity, ranging from social discrimination to street crime

But there is an even more direct relationship; HIV/AIDS is both a tool and a consequence of conflict. It thrives amidst instability and flourishes in military, emergency and humanitarian operations.

Instability:
People in situations where there is a high degree of economic, social or political insecurity are at higher risk of infection. This results from social dislocation; people forced into sex work; rape used as an instrument of war and coercion; and crowded unsafe conditions in prisons and camps. Vulnerable populations include migrant workers; displaced persons and refugees; minorities; and women and children.

The International Save the Children Alliance calls HIV and conflict a "double emergency". They find that "In conflict situations, young people are most at risk. HIV/AIDS and conflict are combining to threaten the lives of young people, especially girls. Many children have also lost their parents to warfare or to AIDS, and are living without protection and assistance. They are often denied their basic rights to food, shelter, education and healthcare. Children have a fundamental right to life, survival and development; in conflicts it is often denied".

Emergency and Humanitarian Operations:
The local population and relief workers both face higher risk of infection in emergency situations, particularly from increased risk of sexual violence and prostitution.

This week the UN called for its peacekeeping forces to become leaders in the fight against HIV/AIDS. They are training peacekeeping troops in HIV/AIDS awareness and have a zero tolerance policy regarding sexual abuse and exploitation by peacekeepers. They are also encouraging ongoing HIV program participation, particularly for forces that served in high-risk areas. In addition, they are working to better understand the impact of their work: "[R]eliable data on HIV-prevalence rates rarely existed in conflict-affected countries, but [they are] carrying out more systematic mission assessments" and "need to ensure that dynamic and responsive HIV/AIDS programmes existed for the duration of a peacekeeping mandate".

The Military:
Military personnel represent one of the highest risk groups in acquiring and spreading HIV infection. Even in peacetime, rates of infection from sexually transmitted diseases is 2-5 times higher than that in the general population. This increased risk is the result of many factors including these cited by UNAIDS in their report "AIDS and the military" May 1998:
"* Military and peacekeeping services often includes lengthy periods spent away from home, with the result that personnel are often looking for ways to relieve loneliness, stress and the building up of sexual tension.
* The military's professional ethos tends to excuse or even encourage risk-taking
* Most personnel are in the age group at greatest risk for HIV infection -- the sexually active 15-24-year age group
* Personnel sent on peace-keeping missions often have more money in their pockets than local people, giving them the financial means to purchase sex
* Military personnel and camps, including the installations of peacekeeping forces, attract sex workers and those who deal in illicit drugs."

The largest study of this topic is Healthlink's "Combat AIDS" that includes quotations and vignettes that vividly illustrate the nature of the problem, such as a Cambodian soldier who, after testing positive for HIV said "I'd never heard about the virus before. I spent most of the last 3 years fighting in the jungle. I only went into towns a few times". The report discusses the culture, relationships, and opportunities. It explains war-related transmission associated with opportunity, rape, child soldiers and demobilization. Finally, it provides details of prevention, care and public policy.

In a similar report, the International Crisis Group begins with a portrayal of "An Ugly War": "Estimates vary, but more than 100,000 have died as a result of the fighting, and that figure continues to escalate by the day. One in three adults in Botswana have been wounded, and if fighting continues at this pace, it is estimated that life expectancy could fall to an almost medieval age 29. At Gaborone's main hospital, up to 80 per cent of the beds in the male ward are filled with wounded who are not expected to survive, and more than a third of those in the children's ward are also victims of the conflict. The war has already created more than 28,000 orphans.... Government spending on the war may reach 20 per cent of the total government budget by the end of the decade. Botswana's economy may shrink by as much as 30 per cent as a result of the conflict...."

But as ISG points out, "there is no war in Botswana, simply a disease. The war raging in Botswana is AIDS. All the statistics are true, but not a single shot has been fired. However, AIDS is taking a toll as profound as any military confrontation around the globe, and it is a security threat to countries it assaults as well as their neighbours, partners and allies".

We conclude with some more numbers. They speak for themselves:
* There are more than 20 million people in global armed forces
* In 2002 military expenditures were around $900 billion, some 40 percent by the US
* Expenditures on HIV/AIDS in developing and low income countries was $1.9 billion
* The Global Fund estimates $15 billion per year is needed
* In the next ten years, AIDS will kill ten times more people than conflict

Additional Resources: